ince the pre-industrial period, increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) has exerted a positive radiative forcing on the climate system by trapping longwave radiation1. Solar radiation management (SRM) schemes aim to offset the warming influence from GHGs by reducing the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth. This can be achieved in two ways: (1) reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth and (2) increasing the reflectivity of the planet. Radiation reaching the earth can be reduced by space-based sunshades and the reflectivity of the planet can be increased by increasing the albedo of clouds in the atmosphere or the reflectivity of the land surface or ocean surface9. Reflectivity could be also increased by artificially injecting sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere.
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