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Language Evolution: Why Hockett's Design Features are a Non-Starter

机译：语言的演变：为什么Hockett的设计功能是初学者

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摘要

The set of design features developed by Charles Hockett in the 1950s and 1960s remains probably the most influential means of juxtaposing animal communication with human language. However, the general theoretical perspective of Hockett is largely incompatible with that of modern language evolution research. Consequently, we argue that his classificatory system-while useful for some descriptive purposes-is of very limited use as a theoretical framework for evolutionary linguistics. We see this incompatibility as related to the ontology of language, i.e. deriving from Hockett's interest in language as a product rather than a suite of sensorimotor, cognitive and social abilities that enable the use but also acquisition of language by biological creatures (the faculty of language). After a reconstruction of Hockett's views on design features, we raise two criticisms: focus on the means at the expense of content and focus on the code itself rather than the cognitive abilities of its users. Finally, referring to empirical data, we illustrate some of the problems resulting from Hockett's approach by addressing three specific points-namely arbitrariness and semanticity, cultural transmission, and displacement-and show how the change of perspective allows to overcome those difficulties.
机译：Charles Hockett在1950年代和1960年代开发的一组设计功能可能仍然是将动物交流与人类语言并列的最有影响力的手段。但是，Hockett的一般理论观点与现代语言进化研究在很大程度上是不相容的。因此，我们认为，尽管他的分类系统虽然对某些描述性目的有用，但作为进化语言学的理论框架却用途非常有限。我们认为这种不兼容性与语言的本体论有关，即源于霍克特对语言作为一种产品的兴趣，而不是一整套的感觉运动，认知和社交能力，这些能力使得生物能够使用但也能获得语言（语言系） ）。在重构了Hockett对设计特征的观点之后，我们提出了两种批评：集中于以牺牲内容为代价的方法，集中于代码本身而不是其用户的认知能力。最后，参考经验数据，我们通过解决三个特定点（即任意性和语义性，文化传播和流离失所）来说明Hockett方法所产生的一些问题，并说明视角的变化如何克服这些困难。

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