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首页> 外文期刊>Current Science: A Fortnightly Journal of Research >The science behind the biofuel controversy
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The science behind the biofuel controversy

机译：生物燃料争议背后的科学

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At the current rate of use the crude oil reserves of the world are predicted to deplete in about 40 years. Therefore, it has become necessary to find and devise methods of processing a renewable raw material for conversion into transportation fuel.Some countries are manufacturing ethanol from sugarcane or cereal grains and blending it with petrol to reduce crude oil imports. This entails diverting agriculturally productive land for the production of fuel. An alternative is to use inedible plant biomass as raw material. Although plant biomass is mostly cellulose, it is covered and occluded by hemicelluloses and lignin. This greatly limits the access of microbial cellulases required to depolymerize cellulose and release glucose for production of alcohol by yeast-mediated fermentation. A possible solution may be based on the reactions that take place in the rumen of herbivores. These animals have symbiotic bacteria which have multienzyme particles called cellulosomes attached onto their surface. The cellulosomes tear down the ingested plant material into soluble compounds from which the host animal makes milk and meat. Genetic engineering techniques offer the possibility of enhancing the biodegradative action of cellulosomes by reconstituting cellulosomes with potent enzymes from different microbial species. Fast-growing species of grasses specifically grown on marginal land could provide ethanol feed stock for biorefineries.
机译：以目前的使用率，预计世界原油储量将在40年左右耗尽。因此，有必要寻找和设计将可再生原料加工成运输燃料的方法。一些国家正在从甘蔗或谷物中生产乙醇，并将其与汽油混合以减少原油进口。这需要将农业生产用地转用于生产燃料。一种替代方法是使用不可食用的植物生物质作为原料。尽管植物生物量主要是纤维素，但半纤维素和木质素却将其覆盖和封闭。这极大地限制了通过纤维素介导的发酵解聚纤维素并释放葡萄糖以生产酒精所需的微生物纤维素的获取。可能的解决方案可能基于在草食动物瘤胃中发生的反应。这些动物有共生细菌，它们的表面附着有称为纤维素体的多酶颗粒。纤维素将被摄入的植物材料分解成可溶的化合物，宿主动物利用这些化合物生产牛奶和肉。基因工程技术提供了通过用来自不同微生物物种的有效酶重建纤维素体来增强纤维素体的生物降解作用的可能性。专门生长在边缘土地上的快速生长的草种可以为生物精炼厂提供乙醇原料。

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