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Transcription of Bacterial Chromatin

机译：细菌染色质的转录

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Decades of research have probed the interplay between chromatin (genomic DNA associated with proteins and RNAs) and transcription by RNA polymerase (RNAP) in all domains of life. In bacteria, chromatin is compacted into a membrane-free region known as the nucleoid that changes shape and composition depending on the bacterial state. Transcription plays a key role in both shaping the nucleoid and organizing it into domains. At the same time, chromatin impacts transcription by at least five distinct mechanisms: (i) occlusion of RNAP binding; (ii) roadblocking RNAP progression; (iii) constraining DNA topology; (iv) RNA mediated interactions; and (v) macromolecular demixing and heterogeneity, which may generate phase separated condensates. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and, in combination, mediate gene regulation. Here, we review the current understanding of these mechanisms with a focus on gene silencing by H-NS, transcription coordination by HU, and potential phase separation by Dps. The myriad questions about transcription of bacterial chromatin are increasingly answerable due to methodological advances, enabling a needed paradigm shift in the field of bacterial transcription to focus on regulation of genes in their native state. We can anticipate answers that will define how bacterial chromatin helps coordinate and dynamically regulate gene expression in changing environments. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：几十年的研究已经探讨了染色质（与蛋白质和RNA相关的基因组DNA）之间的相互作用，并且在所有寿讯结构域中通过RNA聚合酶（RNAP）转录。在细菌中，染色质被压实到称为核心区域的无膜区域中，这取决于细菌状态。转录在塑造核和将其组织成域中起着关键作用。同时，染色质冲击转录的至少五种不同的机制：（i）瘤闭合rnap结合; （ii）跨越RNAP进展; （iii）约束DNA拓扑; （iv）RNA介导的相互作用; （v）大分子解脱和异质性，其可以产生相分离的缩合物。这些机制不是相互排斥的，并且组合介导基因调节。在这里，我们审查目前对这些机制的理解，重点是H-NS，通过Hu的转录协调和DPS潜在的相分离的基因沉默。关于细菌染色质转录的无数问题由于方法的进步而越来越多地解释，使得在细菌转录领域中能够关注其原生状态的治疗。我们可以预测答案，这些答案将如何在细菌染色质有助于坐标和动态调节改变环境中的基因表达。 （c）2019 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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