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Near-Infrared Fluorescent Proteins and Their Applications

机译：近红外荧光蛋白及其应用

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摘要

High transparency, low light-scattering, and low autofluorescence of mammalian tissues in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral range (650-900 nm) open a possibility for in vivo imaging of biological processes at the micro-and macroscales to address basic and applied problems in biology and biomedicine. Recently, probes that absorb and fluoresce in the NIR optical range have been engineered using bacterial phytochromes-natural NIR light-absorbing photoreceptors that regulate metabolism in bacteria. Since the chromophore in all these proteins is biliverdin, a natural product of heme catabolism in mammalian cells, they can be used as genetically encoded fluorescent probes, similarly to GFP-like fluorescent proteins. In this review, we discuss photophysical and biochemical properties of NIR fluorescent proteins, reporters, and biosensors and analyze their characteristics required for expression of these molecules in mammalian cells. Structural features and molecular engineering of NIR fluorescent probes are discussed. Applications of NIR fluorescent proteins and biosensors for studies of molecular processes in cells, as well as for tissue and organ visualization in whole-body imaging in vivo, are described. We specifically focus on the use of NIR fluorescent probes in advanced imaging technologies that combine fluorescence and bioluminescence methods with photoacoustic tomography.
机译：近红外（NIR）光谱范围（650-900nm）中哺乳动物组织（650-900nm）的高透明度，低光散射和低自发荧光在微观和宏观上进行生物过程的体内成像，以解决基本和生物医学和生物医学的应用问题。最近，使用细菌植物植物植物 - 天然NIR光吸收感光感染细菌的细菌植物植物 - 天然NIR光吸收感光感染探针。由于所有这些蛋白质中的发色团是Biliverdin，哺乳动物细胞中血红素分解代谢的天然产物，它们可以用作遗传编码的荧光探针，类似于GFP样荧光蛋白。在本文中，我们讨论了NIR荧光蛋白，记者和生物传感器的光物理和生化特性，并分析了哺乳动物细胞中这些分子表达所需的特性。讨论了NIR荧光探针的结构特征和分子工程。描述了NIR荧光蛋白和生物传感器，用于研究细胞分子过程的研究，以及体内全身成像中的组织和器官可视化。我们专注于在先进的成像技术中使用NIR荧光探针，将荧光和生物发光方法与光声断层扫描结合起来。

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