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首页> 外文期刊>Biochemistry and Cell Biology >The avian embryo as a model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
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The avian embryo as a model for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

机译：禽胚作为胎儿酒精谱系障碍的模型

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Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) remains a leading preventable cause of structural birth defects and permanent neurodevelopmental disability. The chicken ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) is a powerful embryological research model, and was possibly the first in which the teratogenicity of alcohol was demonstrated. Pharmacologically relevant exposure to alcohol in the range of 20–70 mmol/L (20–80 mg/egg) disrupt the growth of chicken embryos, morphogenesis, and behavior, and the resulting phenotypes strongly parallel those of mammalian models. The avian embryo’s direct accessibility has enabled novel insights into the teratogenic mechanisms of alcohol. These include the contribution of IGF1 signaling to growth suppression, the altered flow dynamics that reshape valvuloseptal morphogenesis and mediate its cardiac teratogenicity, and the suppression of Wnt and Shh signals thereby disrupting the migration, expansion, and survival of the neural crest, and underlie its characteristic craniofacial deficits. The genetic diversity within commercial avian strains has enabled the identification of unique loci, such as ribosome biogenesis, that modify vulnerability to alcohol. This venerable research model is equally relevant for the future, as the application of technological advances including CRISPR, optogenetics, and biophotonics to the embryo’s ready accessibility creates a unique model in which investigators can manipulate and monitor the embryo in real-time to investigate the effect of alcohol on cell fate.
机译：产前酒精曝光（PAE）仍然是结构性出生缺陷和永久性神经发育残疾的领先原因。鸡（巨大巨大巨大的家伙）是一种强大的胚胎学研究模式，可能是第一个饮酒的致畸性。药理学相关的醇在20-70mmol / L（20-80mg / eg）的范围内破坏鸡胚，形态发生和行为的生长，并且所产生的表型强烈平行哺乳动物模型。禽胚胎的直接访问能力使新颖的洞察力成为酒精的致畸机制。这些包括IGF1信令对生长抑制的贡献，改变的流动动态，可重塑valvuloseptoral形态发生并介导其心脏致畸性，以及抑制WNT和SHH信号，从而扰乱神经嵴的迁移，膨胀和生存，并提出特征性颅面缺陷。商业禽类菌株内的遗传多样性使得能够鉴定独特的基因座，例如核糖体生物发生，即改变饮酒的脆弱性。这种古老的研究模型与未来同样相关，因为在胚胎准备好的功能包括CRISPR，Optoversics和BioPhotonics的技术进步，包括胚胎准备好的能力，创造了一个独特的模型，其中调查人员可以实时操纵和监控胚胎以调查效果在细胞命运上的酒精。

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