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MicroRNAs in the immune response.

机译：MicroRNA在免疫反应中。

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MicroRNAs (miRs) were only discovered little more than a decade ago, yet it has become rapidly clear that they are crucial posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression by decreasing the abundance or translational efficiency of mRNAs [Maroney PA, Yu Y, Nilsen TW. MicroRNAs, mRNAs, and translation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2006;71: 531-5; Nilsen TW. Mechanisms of microRNA-mediated gene regulation in animal cells. Trends Genet 2007;23: 243-9], [1,2]. While the role of miRs in cell fate decisions linked to proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis was recognized early on, the importance of these noncoding small RNAs on immune system development and response has only recently become evident. In addition to facilitating cell fate decisions of immune cells (e.g. miR-181a and miR-223), miRs also regulate central elements of the adaptive immune response such as antigen presentation (e.g. miR-155) and T cell receptor signaling (mir-181a). Furthermore, miRs are involved in innate immunity through regulation of Toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine responses (e.g. miR-146). Intriguingly, cellular miRs not only alter immune cell development and function, but are also able to directly affect viral replication. Conversely, virus-encoded miRs shape the host-virus interactions and regulate the viral life cycle. Here, we provide a brief overview on the role of cellular and viral miRs in the development and function of the immune system.
机译：MicroRNA（miRs）仅在十多年前才被发现，但是已经迅速清楚地表明，它们通过降低mRNA的丰度或翻译效率，是基因表达的重要转录后调节因子[Maroney PA，Yu Y，Nilsen TW。 MicroRNA，mRNA和翻译。 Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2006; 71：531-5;尼尔森（TW）。 microRNA介导的动物细胞基因调控机制。趋势基因，2007; 23：243-9]，[1,2]。尽管miRs在与增殖，分化和凋亡相关的细胞命运决定中的作用早已得到认可，但这些非编码小RNA对免疫系统发育和应答的重要性直到最近才变得明显。除了促进免疫细胞（例如miR-181a和miR-223）的细胞命运决定外，miRs还调节适应性免疫应答的中心元件，例如抗原呈递（例如miR-155）和T细胞受体信号传导（mir-181a ）。此外，miR通过调节Toll样受体信号传导和细胞因子反应（例如miR-146）参与先天免疫。有趣的是，细胞miR不仅改变免疫细胞的发育和功能，而且还能够直接影响病毒复制。相反，病毒编码的miR会影响宿主与病毒的相互作用并调节病毒的生命周期。在此，我们简要概述了细胞和病毒miR在免疫系统发育和功能中的作用。

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