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Cognitive impairment in substance use disorders

机译：物质使用障碍中的认知障碍

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Cognitive impairments in substance use disorders have been extensively researched, especially since the advent of cognitive and computational neuroscience and neuroimaging methods in the last 20 years. Conceptually, altered cognitive function can be viewed as a hallmark feature of substance use disorders, with documented alterations in the well-known “executive” domains of attention, inhibition/regulation, working memory, and decision-making. Poor cognitive (sometimes referred to as “top-down”) regulation of downstream motivational processes—whether appetitive (reward, incentive salience) or aversive (stress, negative affect)—is recognized as a fundamental impairment in addiction and a potentially important target for intervention. As addressed in this special issue, cognitive impairment is a transdiagnostic domain; thus, advances in the characterization and treatment of cognitive dysfunction in substance use disorders could have benefit across multiple psychiatric disorders. Toward this general goal, we summarize current findings in the abovementioned cognitive domains of substance use disorders, while suggesting a potentially useful expansion to include processes that both precede (precognition) and supersede (social cognition) what is usually thought of as strictly cognition. These additional two areas have received relatively less attention but phenomenologically and otherwise are important features of substance use disorders. The review concludes with suggestions for research and potential therapeutic targeting of both the familiar and this more comprehensive version of cognitive domains related to substance use disorders.
机译：物质使用障碍中的认知障碍已被广泛研究，特别是因为在过去的20年里的认知和计算神经科学和神经影像学方法以来。概念上，改变的认知功能可以被视为物质使用障碍的标志特征，在关注，抑制/调节，工作记忆和决策中的众所周知的“执行”领域，有记录的改变。认知的认知（有时被称为“自上而下”）调节下游励磁过程 - 无论是否具有令人厌恶（奖励，激励促销）或厌恶（压力，负面影响）-is被认为是对成瘾的基本障碍和潜在的重要目标干涉。如在这一特殊问题中所说，认知障碍是一个跨诊断域;因此，物质使用障碍中认知功能障碍的表征和治疗的进展可能有多种精神病疾病的益处。朝着这一普遍的目标总结了物质使用障碍的上述认知结构域中的当前发现，同时暗示了包括在（前瞻）和取代（社会认知）之前（预知）和超越（社会认知）的过程的潜在有用的扩张，通常被认为是严格认知的。这些额外的两个区域受到相对较少的关注，而是且否则是物质使用障碍的重要特征。审查结束了与研究和潜在治疗靶向的建议结束，熟悉和这种与物质使用障碍有关的认知结构域的潜在治疗目标。

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