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Toward a Detailed Understanding of Magnesium Ions on Hydroxyapatite Crystallization Inhibition

机译：详细了解镁离子对羟基磷灰石结晶抑制的作用

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Magnesium ions (Mg~(2+)) are widely present in biological fluids, and they are suggested as the vital factors that inhibit spontaneous hydroxyapatite (HAP) precipitation in nature. However, the regulation mechanisms of Mg~(2+) on HAP crystallization are still under intensive debates. We find that a typical precipitation of HAP from supersaturated solutions should include five stages: s1, formation of ion clusters and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP); s2, stabilization of ACP; s3, transformation from ACP to HAP via dissolution and crystallization; s4, classical crystal growth of HAP; s5, HAP aging under a near equilibrium state. Actually, Mg~(2+) ions exhibit different inhibitory effects on these stages. The ions have a negligible influence on the kinetics of initial ACP formation in solutions (s1) and final aging of crystals (s5). Rather, the ions can either adsorb onto or incorporate into the ACP precursor particles during s1. In s2, the lifetime of ACP in solution is extended significantly by both two types of Mg~(2+) ions. However, the absorbed ones are more effective than the incorporated ones on the inhibition of the phase transformation from ACP to HAP in this s2. In stages of s3 and s4, it is only surface Mg~(2+) ions that retard crystal growth of HAP and the incorporated Mg~(2+) become inert. These detailed findings reveal how Mg~(2+) ions affect the crystallization process of HAP mineralization from supersaturation. Such a detailed understanding can provide a chemical strategy for precise regulation of HAP formation kinetics in intermediate phase mediated crystallization.
机译：镁离子（Mg〜（2+））广泛存在于生物流体中，被认为是抑制自然界中自发羟基磷灰石（HAP）沉淀的重要因素。然而，关于Mg〜（2+）对HAP结晶的调控机制仍处于激烈的争论之中。我们发现典型的HAP从过饱和溶液中的沉淀应包括五个阶段：s1，离子簇和无定形磷酸钙（ACP）的形成; s2，稳定ACP; s3，通过溶解和结晶从ACP转变为HAP; s4，HAP的经典晶体生长; s5，HAP在接近平衡状态下老化。实际上，Mg〜（2+）离子在这些阶段表现出不同的抑制作用。离子对溶液中初始ACP形成动力学（s1）和晶体最终老化（s5）的动力学影响可忽略不计。相反，在s1期间，离子可以吸附到ACP前体颗粒上或并入其中。在s2中，两种类型的Mg〜（2+）离子均显着延长了ACP在溶液中的寿命。然而，在该s2中，被吸收的那些在抑制从ACP到HAP的相变方面比结合的更有效。在s3和s4阶段，只有表面Mg〜（2+）离子阻碍了HAP的晶体生长，并且掺入的Mg〜（2+）变为惰性。这些详细的发现揭示了Mg〜（2+）离子如何影响过饱和导致HAP矿化的结晶过程。这样的详细理解可以为在中间相介导的结晶中精确调节HAP形成动力学提供一种化学策略。

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