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Fluorescent reporter transgenic mice for in vivo live imaging of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis

机译:荧光报道总转基因小鼠用于血管生成和淋巴管发生的体内活影

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摘要

The study of lymphangiogenesis is an emerging science that has revealed the lymphatic system as a central player in many pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, lymphedema, and organ graft rejection. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of lymphatic growth will play a key role in the development of therapeutic strategies against these conditions. Despite the known potential of this field, the study of lymphatics has historically lagged behind that of hemangiogenesis. Until recently, significant strides in lymphatic studies were impeded by a lack of lymphatic-specific markers and suitable experimental models compared to those of the more immediately visible blood vasculature. Lymphangiogenesis has also been shown to be a key phenomenon in developmental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, guided migration, differentiation, and cell-to-cell communication, making lymphatic-specific visualization techniques highly desirable and desperately needed. Imaging modalities including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization are limited by the need to sacrifice animal models for tissue harvesting at every experimental time point. Moreover, the processes of mounting and staining harvested tissues may introduce artifacts that can confound results. These traditional methods for investigating lymphatic and blood vasculature are associated with several problems including animal variability (e.g., between mice) when replicating lymphatic growth environments and the cost concerns of prolonged, labor-intensive studies, all of which complicate the study of dynamic lymphatic processes. With the discovery of lymphatic-specific markers, researchers have been able to develop several lymphatic and blood vessel-specific, promoter-driven, fluorescent-reporter transgenic mice for visualization of lymphatics in vivo and in vitro. For instance, GFP, mOrange, tdTomato, and other fluorescent proteins can be expressed under control of a lymphatic-specific marker like Prospero-related homeobox 1 (Prox1), which is a highly conserved transcription factor for determining embryonic organogenesis in vertebrates that is implicated in lymphangiogenesis as well as several human cancers. Importantly, Prox1-null mouse embryos develop without lymphatic vessels. In human adults, Prox1 maintains lymphatic endothelial cells and upregulates proteins associated with lymphangiogenesis (e.g., VEGFR-3) and downregulates angiogenesis-associated gene expression (e.g., STAT6). To visualize lymphatic development in the context of angiogenesis, dual fluorescent-transgenic reporters, like Prox1-GFP/Flt1-DsRed mice, have been bred to characterize lymphatic and blood vessels simultaneously in vivo. In this review, we discuss the trends in lymphatic visualization and the potential usage of transgenic breeds in hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis research to understand spatial and temporal correlations between vascular development and pathological progression.
机译:淋巴管发生的研究是一种新兴科学,揭示了淋巴系统,作为许多病理疾病,包括癌症转移,淋巴水肿和器官移植物排斥。彻底了解淋巴生长机制将在违反这些条件的治疗策略中发挥关键作用。尽管该领域已知潜力,但淋巴管的研究历史上落后于血管生成的落后。直到最近,与缺乏淋巴细胞的标记物和合适的实验模型相比,淋巴性研究的显着进展与更紧张的可见血液脉管系统相比,受到了缺失的淋巴图。淋巴管发生也被证明是发育生物过程中的关键现象,例如细胞增殖,引导的迁移,分化和细胞对细胞通信,使得淋巴图特异性可视化技术得到非常理想的和迫切需要。包括免疫组织化学和原位杂交在内的成像模式受到在每个实验时间点处牺牲组织收获的动物模型的限制。此外,安装和染色收获的组织的过程可能引入可以混淆结果的伪影。这些传统方法用于研究淋巴和血液脉管系统与在复制淋巴生长环境和长期,劳动密集型研究的成本问题时,包括动物变异性(例如,小鼠之间)的几个问题与所有这些问题以及延长的劳动密集型研究的成本令人疑问,所有这些都会使动态淋巴管过程的研究复杂化。随着淋巴特异性标记的发现,研究人员已经能够开发几种淋巴和血管特异性的启动子驱动的荧光报道转基因小鼠,用于在体内和体外可视化淋巴管。例如,可以在类似于Prospero相关的Homeobox 1(Prox1)的淋巴类特异性标记的控制下表达GFP,Morjange,Tdtomato和其他荧光蛋白,这是一种高度保守的转录因子,用于在牵连中确定脊椎动物中的胚胎子组织在淋巴管发生以及几种人类癌症中。重要的是,Prox1-null鼠标胚胎在没有淋巴管的情况下发育。在人类成年人中,Prox1维持淋巴内皮细胞,并上调与淋巴管发生相关的蛋白质(例如,VEGFR-3),并下调血管生成相关基因表达(例如,STAT6)。为了在血管生成的背景下可视化淋巴发育,双荧光转基因记者如Prox1-GFP / FLT1-DSRED小鼠,已培育以在体内同时表征淋巴管和血管。在本文中,我们讨论了血管生成和淋巴管发生研究中转基因品种的淋巴可视化和潜在用途,以了解血管开发和病理进展之间的空间和时间相关性。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Angiogenesis》 |2018年第4期|共22页
  • 作者单位

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Shiga Univ Med Sci Dept Stem Cells &

    Human Dis Models Otsu Shiga Japan;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

    Univ Illinois Coll Med Illinois Eye &

    Ear Infirm Dept Ophthalmol &

    Visual Sci Chicago IL 60607;

  • 收录信息
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 心脏、血管(循环系)疾病;
  • 关键词

    Angiogenesis; Lymphangiogenesis; Transgenic mice; Fluorescent reporter;

    机译:血管生成;淋巴管发生;转基因小鼠;荧光报告者;

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