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Real‐Time ECG Simulation for Hybrid Mock Circulatory Loops

机译：混合模拟循环环的实时ECG仿真

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Abstract Classically, mock circulatory loops only simulate mechanical properties of the circulation. To connect the hydraulic world with electrophysiology, we present a real‐time electrical activity model of the heart and show how to integrate this model into a real‐time mock loop simulation. The model incorporates a predefined conduction pathway and a simplified volume conductor to solve the bidomain equations and the forward problem of electrocardiography, resulting in a physiological simulation of the electrocardiogram (ECG) at arbitrary electrode positions. A complete physiological simulation of the heart's excitation would be too CPU intensive. Thus, in our model, complexity was reduced to allow real‐time simulation of ECG‐triggered medical systems in vitro; this decreases time and cost in the development process. Conversely, the presented model can still be adapted to various pathologies by locally changing the properties of the heart's conduction pathway. To simulate the ECG, the heart is divided into suitable areas, which are innervated by the hierarchically structured conduction system. To distinguish different cardiac regions, a segmentation of the heart was performed. In these regions, Prim's algorithm was applied to identify the directed minimal spanning trees for conduction orientation. Each node of the tree was assigned to a cardiac action potential generated by its hybrid automaton to represent the heart's conduction system by the spatial distribution of action potentials. To generate the ECG output, the bidomain equations were implemented and a simple model of the volume conductor of the body was used to solve the forward problem of electrocardiography. As a result, the model simulates potentials at arbitrary electrode positions in real‐time. To verify the developed real‐time ECG model, measurements were made within a hybrid mock circulatory loop, including a simple ECG‐triggered ventricular assist device control. The model's potential value is to simulate physiological and pathological behavior for hardware‐in‐the‐loop testing of medical devices in an ECG‐triggered scenario.
机译：摘要经典地，模拟循环回路仅模拟循环的机械性能。要将液压世界与电生理学连接，我们展示了心脏的实时电气活动模型，并展示了如何将该模型集成到实时模拟循环仿真中。该模型包括预定的导通通路和简化的体积导体，以解决双粒方程和心电图的前向问题，导致在任意电极位置处的心电图（ECG）的生理学模拟。心脏激励的完全生理模拟将是CPU密集的。因此，在我们的模型中，减少了复杂性以允许体外实时模拟ECG触发的医疗系统;这降低了开发过程中的时间和成本。相反，通过局部改变心脏导电通路的性质，呈现的模型仍然可以适应各种病理学。为了模拟心电图，将心脏分成合适的区域，由分层结构传导系统接头。为了区分不同的心脏区域，进行心脏的分割。在这些区域中，应用了Prim的算法以识别用于传导方向的定向最小的跨越树。树的每个节点被分配给由其混合自动机产生的心动动作电位，以通过动作电位的空间分布来表示心脏的传导系统。为了产生ECG输出，实施了双胞瘤方程，并且使用体积导体的简单模型来解决心电图的前进问题。结果，该模型实时模拟任意电极位置的电位。为了验证开发的实时ECG模型，在混合模拟循环回路内进行测量，包括简单的ECG触发的心室辅助装置控制。该模型的潜在价值是在ECG触发场景中模拟用于医疗设备的硬件循环测试的生理和病理行为。

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