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Respiratory problems in the adolescent with developmental delay.

机译：青少年的呼吸问题，发育迟缓。

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摘要

Patients with developmental disorders, including adolescents, comprise a large and heterogeneous group of individuals who vary in underlying diagnosis and degree of disability. The largest numbers of patients are those with cerebral palsy and with traumatic brain injury. While these conditions themselves do not directly cause airway or parenchymal lung dysfunction, consequences of neuromuscular dysfunction, especially aspiration and ineffective cough, may lead to lung damage. Poor nutritional status, impairment of airway clearance by muscular weakness or incoordination and poor pulmonary reserve (due to chest wall or spine deformity) increase the risk of significant morbidity and mortality from respiratory infections. Individuals who were premature infants or who had prolonged neonatal courses may also have residual chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia) contributing to their pulmonary problems. This review discusses conditions that have adverse effects on the airway and lung (drooling, feeding problems, gastroesophageal reflux, aspiration, spasticity, scoliosis) and some of the consequences of these insults (disordered airway clearance, pneumonia, sleep apnea). Also discussed are issues important to the prevention or amelioration of respiratory difficulties, including preventive care, the effects of exercise, dental hygiene, and surgical intervention.
机译：包括青少年在内的有发育障碍的患者包括一大类异质性个体，其基础诊断和残疾程度各不相同。患有脑瘫和脑外伤的患者最多。尽管这些情况本身并不直接导致气道或实质性肺功能障碍，但神经肌肉功能障碍的后果（尤其是吸入和无效咳嗽）可能导致肺部损害。营养状况差，肌肉无力或动作不协调导致呼吸道通畅障碍以及肺储备不足（由于胸壁或脊柱畸形）会增加呼吸道感染导致高发病率和死亡的风险。早产儿或新生儿病程延长的个体也可能有残留的慢性肺病（支气管肺发育不良），导致他们的肺部疾病。这篇综述讨论了对气道和肺有不利影响的情况（气喘，进食问题，胃食管反流，误吸，痉挛，脊柱侧弯）以及这些侮辱的一些后果（气道通畅障碍，肺炎，睡眠呼吸暂停）。还讨论了对预防或改善呼吸困难的重要问题，包括预防性护理，运动效果，牙齿卫生和外科手术干预。

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