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Psammobiosis and bioerosion: examining ecological strategies in sponges using the case example Coelocarteria singaporensis

机译：Psammobiosis和Bioerosion：使用案例实施例Coelocarteria SingaParensis检查海绵中的生态策略

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摘要

The endolithic and endopsammic habits in sponges promote similar morphologies and offer similar ecological niches of being protected and anchored. We assessed whether this also induces similar functions, i.e., whether the commonly endopsammic sponge Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883) shares bioerosion capabilities with clionaid endopsammic sponges such as some Spheciospongia species, enabling it to inhabit and also to expand within calcareous substrates. We studied a range of traits that are commonly accepted as evidence for bioerosion. C. singaporensis has a globular or irregular body from which fistules arise, but the fistules never penetrated calcareous substrate, and while endopsammic specimens were able to agglutinate and incorporate particles, their bodies were not embedded within calcareous rock. Tough tissue filled small cavities in adjacent rock, but only in a few exceptions did we find sponge chips in it. We encountered the only indication for possible active bioerosion in the form of sponge scars and canals in some of the substrate the sponge touched or had embedded, but these areas lacked fresh erosion fissures and well-defined erosion scars and may have been made by other species. If C. singaporensis is able to bioerode, it does not seem to cut out chips to produce a regular shagreen pattern. The sponge clearly has the ability to insinuate into pre-existing cavities, but overall we regard the evidence for its bioerosion capability as circumstantial or unreliable. At this stage, we can neither confirm nor reject that this sponge may be able to bioerode calcareous material, but it appears to be unlikely.
机译：海绵的内透析性和内部内外习惯促进了类似的形态，提供了类似的保护和锚定的生态学龛。我们评估了这是否也诱导了类似的功能，即，常见的内部内部海绵Coelocarteria singaparensis（Carter，1883）与Clionaid的内窥基海绵（如一些Spheciospongia物种）分享生物栓塞能力，使其居住，也能够在钙质基板内扩展。我们研究了一系列通常被认为是生物统治的证据的特征。 C.新生物的球状或不规则的身体来自哪个糊状物，但瘘管从未穿透过钙质底物，而内脏试样能够凝集和掺入颗粒，它们的体不会嵌入钙质岩石中。坚韧的组织在相邻的岩石中填充小腔，但只有在一些例外我们发现了海绵芯片。我们遇到了在一些基材中的海绵疤痕和运河形式遇到的唯一指示，这些区域触及或嵌入，但这些区域缺乏新的侵蚀裂缝和明确定义的侵蚀伤疤，并且可能是由其他物种制造的。如果C.新生物能够生物潮流，它似乎没有切掉芯片以产生常规的包形图案。海绵清楚地具有暗示预先存在的蛀牙，但总的来说，我们将其生物渗透能力视为间接或不可靠的证据。在这个阶段，我们既不能证实也不能拒绝这个海绵可能能够生物渗透物质，但似乎不太可能。

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