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首页> 外文期刊>Fungal Biology Reviews >Genome evolution in fungal plant pathogens: looking beyond the two-speed genome model
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Genome evolution in fungal plant pathogens: looking beyond the two-speed genome model

机译：真菌植物病原体的基因组演变：超越两速基因组模型

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The interaction of pathogens with their hosts creates strong reciprocal selection pressures. Pathogens often deploy an arsenal of small proteins called effectors that manipulate the plant immune system and promote disease. In the post-genomics era, a major interest has been to understand what shapes the localization of effector genes in pathogen genomes. The two-speed genome model originated with the discovery of repeat-rich and gene-sparse genome compartments with an over-representation of effector-like genes in a subset of plant pathogens. These highly polymorphic genome compartments are thought to create unique niches for effector genes and facilitate rapid adaptation. Research over the past decade has revealed a number of twists to the two-speed genome model and raised questions about the universality among plant pathogens. Here, we critically review the foundations of the two-speed model by presenting recent work on epigenetics, transposable element dynamics, and population genetics. Numerous examples have demonstrated that the location of effector genes in rapidly evolving compartments has created key adaptations. However, recent evidence suggests that the two-speed genome is unlikely to have evolved to specifically benefit the plant pathogen lifestyle. We propose that fundamental drivers of eukaryotic genome evolution have shaped both pathogen and non-pathogen genomes alike. An evolutionary genomics perspective on the two-speed genome model will open up fruitful new research avenues. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of British Mycological Society.
机译：病原体与其主体的相互作用会产生强烈的互惠选择压力。病原体经常展开一个称为植物免疫系统的效果和促进疾病的小蛋白质的阿森纳。在后基因组学习时代，主要兴趣是了解效应基因在病原体基因组中的定位的形状。两速基因组模型起源于发现重复和基因稀疏基因组隔室，其在植物病原体的子集中具有效应样基因的过度表示。这些高度多态性基因组隔间被认为为效应基因造成独特的乳头物，并促进快速适应。过去十年的研究揭示了两速基因组模型的许多曲折，并提出了植物病原体中普遍性的问题。在这里，我们通过呈现出近期外观遗传学，可转换元素动态和群体遗传学的工作来批评两速模型的基础。许多实例表明，效应基因在快速发展的隔室中的位置已经产生了关键适应。然而，最近的证据表明，两速基因组不太可能进化以特异性有益于植物病原体生活方式。我们提出了真核基因组进化的基本驱动因素具有成形病原体和非病原体基因组。两速基因组模型的进化基因组学视图将开辟富有成效的新研究途径。 （c）2020提交人。由elsevier有限公司发布代表英国Mycological社会。

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