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Phylogenetic and morphological analyses of the mycoparasitic genus Piptocephalis

机译：霉菌霉菌菌的系统发育和形态学分析Piptocephalis

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The Piptocephalidaceae (Zoopagales, Zoopagomycota) contains three genera of mycoparasitic, haustoria-forming fungi: Kuzuhaea, Piptocephalis, and Syncephalis. Although the species in this family are diverse and ubiquitous in soil and dung, they are among the least studied fungi. Co-cultures of Piptocephalis and their hosts are relatively easy to isolate from soil and dung samples across the globe, making them a good model taxon for the order Zoopagales. This study focuses on the systematics of the genus Piptocephalis. Despite the fact that there are approximately 40 described Piptocephalis species, there are no modern taxonomic or molecular phylogenetic treatments of this group. Minimal sequence data are available, and relatively little is known about the true diversity or biogeography of the genus. Our study addresses two aspects: Piptocephalis systematics and analyses of the length and inter- and infraspecific variation of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) region. First, we generated a large subunit (28S) nuc rDNA phylogeny and evaluated several morphological characters by testing their correlation with the phylogeny using Bayesian Tip-association Significance testing (BaTS). We found monophyly of Piptocephalis species identified based on morphological traits, but morphological character states were not conserved across clades, suggesting that there have been multiple gains and losses of morphological characters. We also found that Kuzhuaea is nested within Piptocephalis. Second, we amplified the ITS from many Piptocephalis isolates, created a sequence alignment, and measured the lengths using the software ITSx. Piptocephalis species had ITS regions that were longer than the average for most Dikarya but were similar in length to those of the related genus Syncephalis.
机译：piptocephalidaceae（畜数，卓霉素）含有三个霉菌素，高古酸，形成真菌：Kuzuhaea，Piptocephalis和Syncephalis。虽然这个家族中的物种在土壤和粪便中多种多样，但它们是最少研究的真菌。 PiptiCephalis的共同培养物和他们的宿主相对容易与全球的土壤和粪便样本隔离，使其成为曲线的秩序的好模型分类。本研究侧重于Piptocephalis属的系统学。尽管有大约40个描述的piptocephalis物种，但该组没有现代分类物理或分子系统发育治疗。最小的序列数据可用，并且关于属属的真正分集或生物地相识的相对较少。我们的研究解决了两个方面：Piptocephalis Systematics，NUC RDNA内部转录间隔物的长度和互相变化的分析（ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS）区域。首先，我们通过使用贝叶斯尖端关联意义测试（蝙蝠）来测试其与系统发生的相关性来评估几种大亚基（28s）Nuc RDNA系统发育并评估几种形态特征。我们发现基于形态特征鉴定的piptocephalis种类的一定程度，但形态特征状态并不保守横跨植物，表明存在多种生长和形态特征的损失。我们还发现库朱内亚嵌套在PiptiCephalis中。其次，我们从许多Piptocephalis隔离物中放大，创建了序列对准，并使用软件ITSx测量了长度。 piptocephalis物种的地区的区域比大多数达克拉塔拉无关的平均值，但长度与相关属的妇女症的长度相似。

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