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Allelopathic interactions and allelochemicals: New possibilities for sustainable weed management [Review]

机译：化感相互作用和化感化学物质：杂草可持续管理的新可能性[综述]

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Weeds are known to cause enormous losses due to their interference in agroecosystems. Because of environmental and human health concerns, worldwide efforts are being made to reduce the heavy reliance on synthetic herbicides that are used to control weeds. In this regard the phenomenon of allelopathy, which is expressed through the release of chemicals by a plant, has been suggested to be one of the possible alternatives for achieving sustainable weed management. The use of allelopathy for controlling weeds could be either through directly utilizing natural allelopathic interactions, particularly of crop plants, or by using allelochemicals as natural herbicides. In the former case, a number of crop plants with allelopathic potential can be used as cover, smother, and green manure crops for managing weeds by making desired manipulations in the cultural practices and cropping patterns. These can be suitably rotated or intercropped with main crops to manage the target weeds (including parasitic ones) selectively. Even the crop mulch/residues can also give desirable benefits. Not only the terrestrial weeds, even allelopathy can be suitably manipulated for the management of aquatic weeds. The allelochemicals present in the higher plants as well as in the microbes can be directly used for weed management on the pattern of herbicides. Their bioefficacy can be enhanced by structural changes or the synthesis of chemical analogues based on them. Further, in order to enhance the potential of allelopathic crops, several improvements can be made with the use of biotechnology or genomics and proteomics. In this context either the production of allelochemicals can be enhanced or the transgenics with foreign genes encoding for a particular weed-suppressing allelochemical could be produced. In the former, both conventional breeding and molecular genetical techniques are useful. However, with conventional breeding being slow and difficult, more emphasis is laid on the use of modem techniques such as molecular markers and the selection aided by them. Although the progress in this regard is slow, nevertheless some promising results are coining and more are expected in future. This review attempts to discuss all these aspects of allelopathy for the sustainable management of weeds. [References: 667]
机译：众所周知，杂草由于对农业生态系统的干扰而造成巨大损失。由于对环境和人类健康的关注，全球正在努力减少对用于控制杂草的合成除草剂的严重依赖。在这方面，已建议通过植物释放化学物质来表达化感病现象，这是实现可持续杂草管理的可能替代方法之一。使用化感作用来控制杂草可以通过直接利用自然化感作用，尤其是农作物的化感作用，或通过使用化感物质作为天然除草剂来实现。在前一种情况下，可以通过对文化习俗和种植方式进行适当的控制，将许多具有化感作用的农作物用作覆盖杂草，窒息和绿肥作物，以治理杂草。这些可以适当地轮作或与主要农作物间作，以选择性地管理目标杂草（包括寄生杂草）。甚至农作物覆盖物/残留物也可以提供理想的好处。不仅陆生杂草，甚至化感病都可以适当地处理以管理水生杂草。存在于高等植物以及微生物中的化感物质可以直接用于除草剂模式的杂草处理。它们的生物功效可以通过结构变化或基于它们的化学类似物的合成来增强。此外，为了增强化感作物的潜力，可以利用生物技术或基因组学和蛋白质组学进行一些改进。在这种情况下，要么可以增强化感物质的生产，要么可以生产带有编码特定杂草抑制性化感物质的外源基因的转基因。在前者中，常规育种和分子遗传技术都是有用的。然而，由于常规育种缓慢且困难，因此更加强调使用现代技术，例如分子标记和由其辅助的选择。尽管在这方面的进展缓慢，但是仍有一些可喜的成果在酝酿中，并且将来还会有更多的希望。这篇综述试图讨论化感作用的所有这些方面，以实现杂草的可持续管理。 [参考：667]

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