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Contrasting impacts of afforestation on nitrous oxide and methane emissions

机译：造林对一氧化二氮和甲烷排放的对比影响

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摘要

The impacts of afforestation, with either Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] or European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions were assessed using a chronosequence (age-related) approach. Conversion of a semi-natural wet grassland on mineral gley soils to a Sitka spruce plantation drastically increased N2O emissions, whereas the opposite trend was seen for CH4 emissions. Annual cumulative emissions of N2O increased from 0.12 +/- 0.17 (+/- values indicate standard error, SE) kg ha(-1) yr(-1) at the grassland site to 10.12 +/- 2.19 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) at the 16-year old forest site in this study, which constituted one of the highest recorded losses for unfertilised coniferous forests in Europe. In contrast CH4 emissions decreased from 7.61 +/- 3.49 (grassland site) to 0.49 +/- 0.65 (7-year old forest) kg ha(-1) yr(-1), with the 16-year old forest site acting as a small sink (-0.80 +/- 0.12 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). The contribution of these gases in terms of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) budget showed that they can reduce the global warming amelioration capacity for this type of land use change by 10 +/- 2%, although the magnitude of this reduction is associated with significant uncertainty. In comparison the conversion of a managed grassland into an ash plantation on mineral brown earth soil had no clear effects on either N2O or CH4 emissions, with annual cumulative fluxes for N2O of the order of 10 times lower than those from the coniferous stands. A combination of factors could have contributed to these contrasting outcomes, including differences in ecosystem productivity, soil characteristics, management practices, microbial population structure and activity, variations in root activity and vegetation composition, as well as interannual climatic variability, and this is discussed. Overall, the results indicate the difficulty in generalising the impacts of afforestation on GHG budgets in the absence of a better understanding of how tree species, as well as soil and climatic factors, interact to determine trace gas emissions
机译：使用时间序列（年龄相关）评估了造林，无论是锡特卡云杉[Picea sitchensis（Bong。）Carr。]还是欧洲白蜡（Fraxinus excelsior L.），对一氧化二氮（N2O）和甲烷（CH4）排放的影响）方法。将矿质土壤上的半天然湿草原转变为锡特卡云杉人工林可大大增加N2O排放，而CH4排放则呈现相反的趋势。草地上的N2O年度累积排放量从0.12 +/- 0.17（+/-值表示标准误差，SE）kg ha（-1）yr（-1）增加到10.12 +/- 2.19 kg ha（-1）这项研究中有16年历史的林地的yr（-1）是欧洲未施肥的针叶林记录的最高损失之一。相比之下，CH4排放量从7.61 +/- 3.49（草场）降至0.49 +/- 0.65（7岁的森林）kg ha（-1）yr（-1），其中16岁的森林作为一个小水槽（-0.80 +/- 0.12 kg ha（-1）年（-1））。这些气体的二氧化碳（CO2）当量占总温室气体（GHG）预算的贡献表明，尽管此类气体可将此类土地利用变化的全球变暖改善能力降低10 +/- 2％。减少的幅度与明显的不确定性有关。相比之下，将管理的草原转化为矿物棕色土壤上的灰烬种植园对N2O或CH4排放均无明显影响，N2O的年度累积通量比针叶林低10倍。多种因素可能导致了这些相反的结果，包括生态系统生产力，土壤特征，管理实践，微生物种群结构和活性，根系活动和植被组成的变化以及年际气候变化的差异，对此进行了讨论。总体而言，结果表明，在缺乏更好地了解树木种类以及土壤和气候因素如何相互作用以确定痕量气体排放的情况下，难以概括造林对温室气体预算的影响

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