Seismology with Dark Data: Image-Based Processing of Analog Records Using Machine Learning for the Rangely Earthquake Control Experiment

Wang Kaiwen; Ellsworth William L.; Beroza Gregory C.; Williams Gordon; Zhang Miao; Schroeder Dustin; Rubinstein Justin

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Seismology with Dark Data: Image-Based Processing of Analog Records Using Machine Learning for the Rangely Earthquake Control Experiment

机译：具有暗数据的地震学：基于图像的模拟记录处理使用机器学习的震荡地震控制实验

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Before the digital era, seismograms were recorded in analog form and read manually by analysts. The digital era represents only about 25% of the total time span of instrumental seismology. Analog data provide important constraints on earthquake processes over the long term, and in some cases are the only data available. The media on which analog data are recorded degrades with time and there is an urgent need for cost-effective approaches to preserve the information they contain. In this study, we work directly with images by constructing a set of image-based methods for earthquake processing, rather than pursue the usual approach of converting analog data to vector time series. We demonstrate this approach on one month of continuous Develocorder films from the Rangely earthquake control experiment run by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). We scan the films into images and compress these into low-dimensional feature vectors as input to a classifier that separates earthquakes from noise in a defined feature space. We feed the detected event images into a short-term average/long-term average (STA/ LTA) picker, a grid-search associator, and a 2D image correlator to measure both absolute arrival times and relative arrival-time differences between events. We use these measurements to locate the earthquakes using hypoDD. In the month that we studied, we identified 40 events clustered near the injection wells. In the original study, Raleigh et al. (1976) identified only 32 events during the same period. Scanning without vectorizing analog seismograms represents an attractive approach to archiving these perishable data. We demonstrated that it is possible to carry out precision seismology directly on such images. Our approach has the potential for wide application to analog seismograms.

机译：在数字时代之前，地震图以模拟形式记录并通过分析师手动读取。数字时代仅占仪器地震学总时间跨度的约25％。模拟数据在长期内为地震过程提供了重要的约束，在某些情况下，唯一可用的数据。模拟数据的媒体随时间记录的时间，并且迫切需要经济有效的方法来保护它们所包含的信息。在这项研究中，我们通过构建用于地震处理的一组基于图像的方法来直接使用图像，而不是追求将模拟数据转换为向量时间序列的通常方法。我们在由美国地质调查（USGS）经营的朗奇地震控制实验中的一个月连续开发电影中展示了这种方法。我们将胶片扫描到图像中并将其压缩成低维特征向量，作为输入到分类器的输入，该分类器将地震分离在定义的特征空间中的噪声。我们将检测到的事件图像馈送到短期平均值/长期平均值（STA / LTA）拾取器，网格搜索associator和2D图像相关器，以测量绝对到达时间和事件之间的相对到达时间差异。我们使用这些测量来定位使用Hypodd的地震。在我们研究的月份，我们确定了40个赛事聚集在注射孔附近。在原始研究中，Raleigh等人。（1976）在同一时期内只确定了32个事件。扫描而不向量化模拟地震图代表了归档这些易腐数据的有吸引力的方法。我们证明，可以直接在这些图像上进行精密地震学。我们的方法具有广泛应用于模拟地震图。

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《Seismological research letters》 |2019年第2appa期|共10页
作者
Wang Kaiwen; Ellsworth William L.; Beroza Gregory C.; Williams Gordon; Zhang Miao; Schroeder Dustin; Rubinstein Justin;
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Stanford Univ Dept Geophys 397 Panama Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA;

Stanford Univ Dept Geophys 397 Panama Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA;

Stanford Univ Dept Geophys 397 Panama Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA;

Univ Calif Santa Barbara Dept Earth Sci Lagoon Rd Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA;

Stanford Univ Dept Geophys 397 Panama Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA;

Stanford Univ Dept Geophys 397 Panama Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA;

US Geol Survey 345 Middlefield Rd Menlo Pk CA 94025 USA;

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中图分类地震学;
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1. Seismology with Dark Data: Image-Based Processing of Analog Records Using Machine Learning for the Rangely Earthquake Control Experiment [J] . Wang Kaiwen, Ellsworth William L., Beroza Gregory C., Seismological research letters . 2019,第2Appa期

机译：具有暗数据的地震学：基于图像的模拟记录处理使用机器学习的震荡地震控制实验
2. Fast estimation of earthquake arrival azimuth using a single seismological station and machine learning techniques [J] . Ochoa Guti??rrez Luis Hern??n, Vargas Jim??nez Carlos Alberto, Ni?±o V??squez Luis Fernando Earth sciences research journal . 2019,第2期

机译：地震站和机器学习技术快速估计地震到达方位角
3. Fast estimation of earthquake epicenter distance using a single seismological station with machine learning techniques [J] . Luis Hernán Ochoa Gutierrez, Carlos Alberto Vargas Jimenez, Luis Fernando Ni?o Vasquez Dyna . 2018,第204期

机译：使用单个地震台站和机器学习技术快速估算地震震中距离
4. Seismological investigations for installing instruments for earthquake record on territory of Kosovo [C] . N. HASI Author European Conference on Earthquake Engineering . 2010

机译：在科索沃领土上安装地震记录仪器的地震调查
5. Discrimination between earthquakes and chemical explosions in Eastern Russia using amplitude ratios obtained from analog records. [D] . Linkimer, Lepolt. 2006

机译：使用从模拟记录中获得的振幅比来区分俄罗斯东部的地震和化学爆炸。
6. Machine Learning Modelling and Feature Engineering in Seismology Experiment [O] . Michail Nikolaevich Brykov, Ivan Petryshynets, Catalin Iulian Pruncu, 2020

机译：地震实验中机器学习建模与特征工程
7. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。

Seismology with Dark Data: Image-Based Processing of Analog Records Using Machine Learning for the Rangely Earthquake Control Experiment

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