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Extreme Space Weather Events: From Cradle to Grave

机译：极端空间天气事件：从摇篮到坟墓

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摘要

Extreme space weather events, while rare, can have a substantial impact on our technologically-dependent society. And, although such events have only occasionally been observed, through careful analysis of a wealth of space-based and ground-based observations, historical records, and extrapolations from more moderate events, we have developed a basic picture of the components required to produce them. Several key issues, however, remain unresolved. For example, what limits are imposed on the maximum size of such events? What are the likely societal consequences of a so-called "100-year" solar storm? In this review, we summarize our current scientific understanding about extreme space weather events as we follow several examples from the Sun, through the solar corona and inner heliosphere, across the magnetospheric boundary, into the ionosphere and atmosphere, into the Earth's lithosphere, and, finally, its impact on man-made structures and activities, such as spacecraft, GPS signals, radio communication, and the electric power grid.We describe preliminary attempts to provide probabilistic forecasts of extreme space weather phenomena, and we conclude by identifying several key areas that must be addressed if we are better able to understand, and, ultimately, predict extreme space weather events.
机译：极端空间天气事件，虽然罕见，可以对我们的技术依赖社会产生重大影响。但是，尽管只有偶尔分析了从更加温和的空间和地面的观测，历史记录和外推的仔细分析了偶尔分析了这些事件，但我们开发了生产它们所需组件的基本情况。但是，几个关键问题仍未解决。例如，对此类事件的最大大小施加了哪些限制？所谓的“100年”太阳风暴的社会后果是什么？在这篇综述中，我们总结了我们目前关于极端空间的理解，因为我们遵循太阳，通过太阳能电晕和内部光圈，穿过磁体边界，进入电离层和大气，进入地球岩石圈，以及最后，它对人造结构和活动的影响，例如航天器，GPS信号，无线电通信和电力网格。我们描述了初步尝试提供极端空间天气现象的概率预测，我们通过识别若干关键领域来结束如果我们能够更好地理解，并且最终预测极端空间天气事件，必须解决。

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