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Between-individual variation in nematode burden among juveniles in a wild host

机译：在野生宿主中少年中的Nematode负担的个人变化

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Parasite infection in young animals can affect host traits related to demographic processes such as survival and reproduction, and is therefore crucial to population viability. However, variation in infection among juvenile hosts is poorly understood. Experimental studies have indicated that effects of parasitism can vary with host sex, hatching order and hatch date, yet it remains unclear whether this is linked to differences in parasite burdens. We quantified gastrointestinal nematode burdens of wild juvenile European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) using two in situ measures (endoscopy of live birds and necropsy of birds that died naturally) and one non-invasive proxy measure (fecal egg counts (FECs)). In situ methods revealed that almost all chicks were infected (98%), that infections established at an early age and that older chicks hosted more worms, but FECs underestimated prevalence. We found no strong evidence that burdens differed with host sex, rank or hatch date. Heavier chicks had higher burdens, demonstrating that the relationship between burdens and their costs is not straightforward. In situ measures of infection are therefore a valuable tool in building our understanding of the role that parasites play in the dynamics of structured natural populations.
机译：幼鸟中的寄生虫感染可以影响与人口统计过程相关的宿主性状，如生存和繁殖，因此对人口活力至关重要。然而，少年宿主之间感染的变异很难理解。实验研究表明，寄生症的影响可以随宿主性，孵化顺序和孵化日期而变化，但它仍然尚不清楚这是否与寄生虫负担的差异有关。我们使用两种原位措施（天然鸟类的内窥镜检查和自然死亡的鸟类的尸体检查）和一种非侵入性代理测量（粪便鸡蛋计数（FECS））的胃肠欧洲牡蛎（氏植物和尸体的尸检）的胃肠线虫线虫繁殖原位方法显示，几乎所有的雏鸡都感染（98％），这种感染在早期和较老的小鸡举办了更多的蠕虫，但FECS低估了普遍存在。我们发现没有强有力的证据表明负担与宿主性，等级或孵化日期不同。较重的小鸡的负担较高，展示了负担之间的关系及其成本并不简单。因此，原位措施是一种有价值的工具，可以建立我们对寄生虫在结构化自然群体的动态中发挥作用的宝贵工具。

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