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Cannabinoids, interoception, and anxiety

机译：大麻素，间歇性和焦虑

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The use of cannabis is rapidly gaining legal status across North America. Such dramatic legislative shifts have prompted an urgency in elucidating the stimulus effects of cannabis consumption. Cannabis use, though relatively safe compared to other drugs of abuse, has been associated with greater risk of mental health disorders, possibly via its primary psychoactive constituent, Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In this review, we discuss endocannabinoid activation and cannabis constituents from the perspective of subjective interoceptive (in, ternally-perceived) states and how that relates to anxiety. Human studies have examined these subjective effects through use of self-report questionnaires. However, non-human studies use proxy methods of assessing anxiety states, such as elevated plus maze and fear conditioning paradigms. So far, this body of research has demonstrated that both endogenous and exogenous cannabinoid activation generally elicits biphasic effects on expression of the subjective state, with lower doses appearing to have anxiolytic properties and higher doses perceived as anxiogenic. Unfortunately, research with these compounds has been historically limited due to excessively tight regulatory control. Therefore, much work remains regarding the investigation of interactions between cannabinoid receptor activity and cannabis constituents on anxiety. Ongoing changes in legal status will hopefully mitigate the challenges faced by researchers attempting to access cannabis and THC that is inherently built in by federal and international classifications.
机译：大麻的使用在北美迅速获得法律地位。这种戏剧性的立法转变促使阐明了大麻消费的刺激作用的紧迫感。与其他滥用药物相比，大麻使用虽然相对安全，但是通过其主要精神疾病，Δ-9-四氢呋喃（THC）可能与心理健康障碍的更大风险有关。在本综述中，我们从主观间的间歇性（In，Ternally Incerceative）国家的角度以及如何与焦虑的角度讨论内胆造称的激活和大麻组成部分。人类研究通过使用自我报告问卷检查了这些主观效果。然而，非人类研究使用代理方法评估焦虑状态，例如升高的加迷宫和恐惧调理范式。到目前为止，这项研究体已经证明了内源性和外源性大麻素激活一般引发对主观状态表达的双色作用，较低剂量出现具有抗焦虑的性质和更高的剂量被认为是焦虑的。遗憾的是，由于监管控制过严重的监管控制，这些化合物的研究已经历史限制。因此，很多工作都仍然关于大麻素受体活性与大麻组分对焦虑的相互作用的调查。持续的法律地位的变化将有望减轻研究人员所面临的挑战，试图通过联邦和国际分类进行固有内部内置的大麻和THC。

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