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首页> 外文期刊>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. Biological Sciences >Vive la difference! Self/non-self recognition and the evolution of signatures of identity in arms races with parasites
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Vive la difference! Self/non-self recognition and the evolution of signatures of identity in arms races with parasites

机译：vive la差异！ 自我/非自我识别与寄生虫臂赛中身份签名的演变

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摘要

In arms races with parasites, hosts can evolve defences exhibiting extensive variability within populations, which signals individual identity ('signatures'). However, few such systems have evolved, suggesting that the conditions for their evolution are uncommon. We review (a) polymorphic egg markings that allow hosts of brood-parasitic birds to recognize and reject parasitic eggs, and (b) polymorphic tissue antigens encoded in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which present self- and pathogen-derived peptides to T cells of the immune system. Despite the profound differences between these systems, they share analogous features: (i) self/non-self discrimination by a highly specific recognition system (bird eyes and T-cell antigen receptor, respectively), which antagonists may escape by evolving evasion or mimicry; (ii) a self substrate upon which diversifying selection can act (eggs, and MHC molecules); (iii) acquired knowledge of self (resulting in acceptance of own eggs, and immune tolerance); and (iv) fitness costs associated with attack on self or lack of parasite detection. We suggest that these features comprise a set of requirements for parasites to drive the evolution of identity signatures in hosts, which diminish the likelihood of recognition errors. This may help to explain the variety of trajectories arising from arms races in different antagonistic contexts.
机译：在寄生虫的武器比赛中，主机可以在群体内发挥广泛变异的防御，这是一种信号，信号是个性的身份（'签名'）。然而，很少有这样的系统已经发展，表明他们的进化的条件罕见。我们评论（a）多晶型蛋标记，使宿主寄生鸟类识别和拒绝寄生蛋，（b）在主要的组织相容性复合物（MHC）中编码的多态组织抗原，其存在自我和病原体衍生的肽免疫系统的T细胞。尽管这些系统之间的深刻差异，但它们具有类似的特征：（i）通过高度特异性识别系统（鸟眼和T细胞抗原受体）的自我/非自我鉴别，拮抗剂可以通过演化的逃避或模仿来逃逸; （ii）自身基材，其中各种选择可以作用（鸡蛋和MHC分子）; （iii）获得自我的知识（导致患有自己的鸡蛋和免疫耐受性）; （iv）与对自我或缺乏寄生虫检测相关的健身成本。我们建议这些功能包括寄生虫的一组要求，以驱动主机中的身份签名的演变，这减少了识别误差的可能性。这可能有助于解释在不同拮抗情境中武器种群引起的各种轨迹。

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