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The effective use of camera traps to document the northernmost distribution of the western black crested gibbon in China

机译：有效地利用相机陷阱，以记录中国西部黑色顶层长臂猿的最北端分布

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摘要

Gibbons represent a highly successful radiation of four genera and 20 species of Asian apes that, in response to recent habitat fragmentation and deforestation, are threatened with extinction. China has six species of gibbons, each of which is critically endangered. We present new biogeographical information on the distribution of the black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor). Four subspecies of N. concolor have been described: three of them are present east of the Mekong River (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis, N. c. concolor and N. c. lu); and another is found west of the Mekong River (N. c. furvogaster). In addition, there has been speculation that gibbons exist in the Biluo Snow Mountains, between the Mekong and Salween basins. To clarify the biogeography of this species, from April 2011 to January 2012 and from January 2016 to September 2018, we conducted interviews with local villagers, completed line transect surveys, monitored gibbon calls, and placed 30 camera traps in the forest canopy. On October 30, 2016, we recorded gibbon's calls. On July 5, 2016, our camera traps obtained one image of a male gibbon, and on February 1 and 8, 2017, we captured two independent images of an adult female gibbon on Zhiben Mountains. Based on the black crest on the head, clearly visible in the photographs, the gibbons are N. c. furvogaster. Evidence from interviews and survey records indicate that N. c. furvogaster once was present in the Zhiben Mountains, at an altitude of between 2000 and 2700 m. Between 1990 and 2000, some 6-7 groups still existed in Caojian, Laowo and adjacent areas. Unfortunately, in the absence of an effective conservation strategy, the population was extirpated by hunters. The remaining forest in the Zhiben Mountains is highly fragmented, and most of the suitable habitat for gibbons has been lost. Therefore, we expect that this newly found gibbon population is under extreme anthropogenic pressure. It is imperative that further investigations of this gibbon population be conducted immediately, and that the local and national governments implement effective conservation plans, including educating the local communities to protect this critically endangered primate population.
机译：Gibbons代表了四个属和20种亚洲猿类的高度成功辐射，以应对近期栖息地和砍伐森林灭亡，受到灭绝的威胁。中国有六种吉布斯，每个人都受到严重濒临灭绝的。我们提出了关于黑色冠状斑纹长臂猿（Nobascus Condolor）的分布的新生物地理信息。已经描述了四个亚种的N. Concolor另一个是在湄公河以西（N.C。Furvogaster）。此外，曾猜测湄公河和沙特盆地之间的Biluo雪山中存在Gibbons。为了澄清本物种的生物地理，从2011年4月到2012年1月，从2016年1月到2018年9月，我们对当地村民进行了采访，完成了线路横断调查，监控长臂呼叫，并在森林树冠中放置30次摄像头陷阱。 2016年10月30日，我们录制了长臂猿的电话。 2016年7月5日，我们的相机陷阱获得了一只雄性长臂猿的图像，并于2017年2月1日和8日，我们捕获了两名成年女性长臂猿的两种独立形象。基于头部的黑色嵴，在照片中清晰可见，吉布斯是N. C。 Furvogaster。采访和调查记录中的证据表明N.C。 Furvogaster曾经出现在Zhiben山脉，在2000年至2700米之间的海拔高度。在1990年至2000年期间，曹建省，罗瓦夫和邻近地区仍然存在约6-7个群体。不幸的是，在没有有效的保护策略的情况下，人口被猎人突出。 Zhiben山区的剩余森林非常碎片，大部分合适的栖息地都丢失了。因此，我们预计这一新发现的长臂猿人口受到极端的人为压力。必须立即进行这种长臂猿的进一步调查，当地和国家政府实施有效的保护计划，包括教育当地社区以保护这种危及危害的灵长类动物。

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