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Task structure boundaries affect response preparation

机译：任务结构边界会影响响应准备

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摘要

Does cognitive control operate globally (across task sets) or locally (within a task set)? Recently, two of the current co-authors (Hazeltine and Schumacher2016; Schumacher and Hazeltine2016) proposed that humans represent tasks astask files: hierarchically structured, compartmentalized subsets of our current goals and motivations, task instructions, and relevant stimuli and responses that are selected during task performance according to associated contextual rules. Here, we hypothesize that these task representations bound the implementation of cognitive control at distinct levels of this hierarchical structure. To investigate how task structure influences the implementation of control processes, we conducted a pair of experiments that utilized a precuing procedure. To manipulate task structure, we gave participants mappings in which two stimulus sets were either mapped so that each set was separated by response hand or both sets were interleaved across hands. In Experiment 1, participants responded to sets of images distinguished by their semantic category; in Experiment 2, they responded to sets based on different perceptual features (viz., location or color). During each experiment, precues could give information about the stimulus category or response hand for the upcoming target. The results indicate that participants with separated mappings represented the task hierarchically, while those with interleaved mappings did not. This pattern was consistent across experiments, despite the differences in the way that each set of stimuli influenced representation of the low-level task features. These findings suggest that task structure can be represented hierarchically, and that this structure supports distinct cognitive control processes at different hierarchical levels.
机译：认知控制是否全局运行（跨任务集）或本地（在任务集中）？最近，目前的两个共同作者（Hazeltine和Schumacher2016; Schumacher和Hazeltine2016）提出了人类代表任务Astask文件：我们目前的目标和动机，任务指令和相关刺激和相关刺激和相关刺激和响应的分层结构化的分组化子集任务性能根据关联的上下文规则。在这里，我们假设这些任务表示恰好在该分层结构的不同水平下实现了认知控制的实现。为了调查任务结构如何影响控制过程的实施方式，我们进行了一对使用前进程序的实验。为了操纵任务结构，我们给出了参与者映射，其中映射了两个刺激组，使得每组通过响应手分离，或者两组在手中交错。在实验1中，参与者应对由他们的语义类别的图像集合;在实验2中，它们基于不同的感知特征（viz，位置或颜色）响应组。在每个实验期间，进程可以提供有关即将到来的目标的刺激类别或响应手的信息。结果表明，分离映射的参与者分层地代表了任务，而具有交错映射的映射没有。尽管每组刺激影响低级别任务特征的刺激方式，但这种模式在实验中一致。这些发现表明，任务结构可以分层地表示，并且该结构支持不同的层级的不同认知控制过程。

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