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Sacred sites as habitats of culturally important plant species in an Indian megacity

机译：神圣的景点是印度巨大的文化重要植物种类的栖息地

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摘要

Cultural ecosystem services related to urban green spaces contribute significantly to liveable cities. While previous studies highlight the intersection of cultural ecosystem services with societal values, spiritual or religious values associated with urban nature have received less attention. In India, as in other parts of the world, sacred sites are known for their biological richness, but analyses from urban sacred sites are largely missing. Based on a stratified random sampling approach, we analysed the cultivated and wild plant species assemblages of 69 sacred sites in the megacity of Bengaluru, India, in relation to biological and cultural features, and parameters related to the urban matrix and type of sacred sites (temple vs. katte). Unlike other urban studies, we found a dominance of native species in the cultivated and spontaneous species pools (121 species in total), with Ficus religiosa and Azadirachta indica as most frequently planted species. Culturally relevant species prevailed in the species pool (89%), with overlaps between religious (36%), medicinal (50%) and ornamental (62%) plants; only 11% of species were weeds. Urban matrix parameters (age of development, housing density) and size and type of sacred sites were related to differences in species assemblages. We identified key species for different classes of age and housing density, and for types of sacred sites. Our study demonstrates that urban sacred sites have an important potential in harbouring both native and culturally significant species that can support urban livelihoods in developing countries by a range of cultural and provisioning ecosystem services, including medicinal uses. As such sites are conserved by communities for spiritual or cultural beliefs, local biodiversity can be enhanced, e.g. by adapting management practices through community participation. This would strengthen the important contribution of sacred sites within the green infrastructure of rapidly growing megacities.
机译：与城市绿地有关的文化生态系统服务与居住城市有大量贡献。虽然以前的研究突出了文化生态系统服务与社会价值观，与城市性质相关的精神或宗教价值观受到不太关注。在印度，与世界其他地区一样，神圣的遗址以其生物丰富性而闻名，但城市神圣地点的分析很大程度上缺失。基于分层的随机抽样方法，我们分析了印度孟加拉堡孟加拉堡的巨型植物物种的培养和野生植物物种组合，与生物和文化特征有关，以及与城市矩阵和神圣网站类型的参数（寺庙vs. katte）。与其他城市研究不同，我们发现了培养和自发物种池中的原生物种（总共121种），榕树和Azadirachta籼稻是最常见的物种。文化相关的物种在物种池中（89％）占，宗教（36％），药用（50％）和观赏（62％）植物之间重叠;只有11％的物种是杂草。城市矩阵参数（发展年龄，壳体密度）和尺寸和型神圣地点与物种组合的差异有关。我们确定了不同类别和住房密度的关键物种，以及神圣的场地类型。我们的研究表明，城市神圣的遗址在覆盖了本土和文化上有重要的物种的重要潜力，这些物种可以通过一系列文化和供应生态系统服务支持发展中国家的城市生计，包括药用用途。由于这些地点受到精神或文化信仰的社区，因此可以提高本地生物多样性，例如，通过通过社区参与调整管理措施。这将加强神圣地点在快速增长的巨型市场的绿色基础设施内的重要贡献。

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