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首页> 外文期刊>Protoplasma: An International Journal of Cell Biology >The discovery of plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling-a personal perspective
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The discovery of plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling-a personal perspective

机译：发现塑体到核逆行信号 - 个人视角

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摘要

DNA and machinery for gene expression have been discovered in chloroplasts during the 1960s. It was soon evident that the chloroplast genome is relatively small, that most genes for chloroplast-localized proteins reside in the nucleus and that chloroplast membranes, ribosomes, and protein complexes are composed of proteins encoded in both the chloroplast and the nuclear genome. This situation has made the existence of mechanisms highly probable that coordinate the gene expression in plastids and nucleus. In the 1970s, the first evidence for plastid signals controlling nuclear gene expression was provided by studies on plastid ribosome deficient mutants with reduced amounts and/or activities of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins including the small subunit of Rubisco, ferredoxin NADP+ reductase, and enzymes of the Calvin cycle. This review describes first models of plastid-to-nucleus signaling and their discovery. Today, many plastid signals are known. They do not only balance gene expression in chloroplasts and nucleus during developmental processes but are also generated in response to environmental changes sensed by the organelles.
机译：在20世纪60年代期间在叶绿体中发现了基因表达的DNA和机械。很快很明显，叶绿体基因组相对较小，即叶绿体局部化蛋白的大多数基因位于细胞核中，叶绿体膜，核糖体和蛋白质复合物由叶绿体和核基因组编码的蛋白质组成。这种情况使得具有高度可能的机制的存在，以协调塑体和细胞核中的基因表达。在20世纪70年代，通过研究具有减少量和/或核编码叶绿体蛋白的量和/或活性，包括核编码核糖蛋白蛋白，包括Rubisco的小亚基，Ferredoxin NADP +还原酶和酶的酶和/或核凯文周期。该审查描述了第一模型的塑体 - 核信号传导及其发现。如今，许多塑性信号是已知的。它们不仅在发育过程中平衡叶绿体和细胞核中的基因表达，而且还在响应细胞器感测的环境变化中产生。

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