Evaluating remotely sensed plant count accuracy with differing unmanned aircraft system altitudes, physical canopy separations, and ground covers

Josue Nahun Leiva; James Robbins; Dharmendra Saraswat; Ying She; Reza Ehsani

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Evaluating remotely sensed plant count accuracy with differing unmanned aircraft system altitudes, physical canopy separations, and ground covers

机译：评估远程感测的工厂数量，无不同的无人机系统高度，物理冠层分离和地面盖

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This study evaluated the effect of flight altitude and canopy separation of containergrown Fire Chief arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L.) on counting accuracy. Images were taken at 6, 12, and 22 m above the ground using unmanned aircraft systems. Plants were spaced to achieve three canopy separation treatments: 5 cm between canopy edges, canopy edges touching, and 5 cm of canopy edge overlap. Plants were placed on two different ground covers: black fabric and gravel. A counting algorithm was trained using Feature Analyst. Total counting error, false positives, and unidentified plants were reported for images analyzed. In general, total counting error was smaller when plants were fully separated. The effect of ground cover on counting accuracy varied with the counting algorithm. Total counting error for plants placed on gravel (-8) was larger than for those on a black fabric (-2), however, false positive counts were similar for black fabric (6) and gravel (6). Nevertheless, output images of plants placed on gravel did not show a negative effect due to the ground cover but was impacted by differences in image spatial resolution.

机译：本研究评估了集装店火灾首席arborvitae（Thuja occidentalis L.）的飞行高度和冠层分离对准确性的影响。使用无人机系统，在地面上方的6,12和22米处采取图像。植物间隔达到三个冠层分离处理：在冠层边缘之间5厘米，冠层边缘接触，5厘米的遮盖架边缘重叠。植物被置于两种不同的地面盖子上：黑色织物和砾石。使用特征分析师培训计数算法。报告了分析图像的总计数误差，误报和未识别的植物。通常，当植物完全分离时，总计数误差较小。地面覆盖对计数精度的影响随计数算法而变化。放置在砾石（-8）上的植物的总计数误差大于黑色织物（-2）上的植物（但是，黑色织物（6）和砾石（6）类似的假阳性计数。然而，放置在砾石上的植物的输出图像由于地面覆盖而没有显示出负面影响，而是因图像空间分辨率的差异而受到影响。

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来源
《Journal of Applied Remote Sensing》 |2017年第3期|共15页
作者
Josue Nahun Leiva; James Robbins; Dharmendra Saraswat; Ying She; Reza Ehsani;
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作者单位

University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Department of Horticulture Fayetteville Arkansas United States;

University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Department of Horticulture Fayetteville Arkansas United States;

Purdue University Department of Agricultural and Biology Engineering West Lafayette Indiana United States;

University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center/IFAS Lake Alfred Florida United States;

University of Florida Citrus Research and Education Center/IFAS Lake Alfred Florida United States;

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正文语种 eng
中图分类计量学;
关键词
nursery plants; vegetation; inventory; Feature Analyst; unmanned aircraft systems;

机译：苗圃;植被;库存;特征分析师;无人驾驶飞机系统;

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1. Evaluating remotely sensed plant count accuracy with differing unmanned aircraft system altitudes, physical canopy separations, and ground covers [J] . Josue Nahun Leiva, James Robbins, Dharmendra Saraswat, Journal of Applied Remote Sensing . 2017,第3期

机译：评估远程感测的工厂数量，无不同的无人机系统高度，物理冠层分离和地面盖
2. Effect of plant canopy shape and flowers on plant count accuracy using remote sensing imagery [J] . Josue Nahun Leiva, J. Robbins, D. Saraswat, Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Ejournal . 2016,第2期

机译：遥感图像对植物冠层形状和花朵对植物计数准确性的影响
3. Ground-Based Sense and Avoid: Enabling Local Area Integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System [J] . Sarah K. Yenson, Rodney E. Cole, M. Sage Jessee, Air Traffic Control Quarterly . 2015,第2a3期

机译：地面感知和避免：使无人机系统能够在本地整合到国家空域系统中
4. A One- And Two-layer Model For Estimating Evapotranspiration With Remotely Sensed Surface Temperature And Ground-based Meteorological Data Over Partial Canopy Cover [C] . Kustas, W.P., Choudhury, . 2001

机译：利用两层冠层覆盖的遥感表面温度和地面气象数据估算蒸散量的一两层模型
5. Aliens, Aircraft, and Accuracies: Surveying for Understory Invasive Plants Using Unmanned Aerial Systems [D] . Moran, Kathleen A. 2019

机译：外星人，飞机和准确性：使用无人机系统进行林下侵入性植物的测量
6. Relationship Between Remotely-sensed Vegetation Indices Canopy Attributes and Plant Physiological Processes: What Vegetation Indices Can and Cannot Tell Us About the Landscape [O] . Edward P. Glenn, Alfredo R. Huete, Pamela L. Nagler, 2008

机译：遥感植被指数冠层属性与植物生理过程之间的关系：什么是植被指数可以告诉我们的景观
7. Table S2: Results of general linear mixed models showing (GLMM) the influence of different count methods (Ground vs Aircraft) performed in different ice cover presence (1—ice cover present, 0—no ice cover) in relation to different groups of species (Group 1: Cygnus olor, C. Cygnus, Aythya marila, A. fuligula, Mergellus albellus, Mergus merganser, Bucephala clangula; Group 2: Anas platyrhynchos, Mareca penelope, Aythya ferina, Fulica atra, Podiceps cristatus; Group 3: Mareca strepera, Anas crecca, Spatula clypeata, Anas acuta, Spatula querquedula). Count dates and species were treated as random effects (r) and these are given as a variance with standard error [O] . -1

机译：表S2：通用线性混合模型的结果显示（GLMM）不同计数方法（地面VS飞机）在不同的冰盖中进行的影响（1-ICE覆盖，0-NO ICE覆盖），与不同的物种相比（第1组：Cythnus olor，C. cygnus，Aythya Marila，A.Furigula，Mergellus albellus，Mergus Merganser，Bucephala Clangula;第2组：Anas Platyrhynchos，Mareca Penelope，Aythya Ferina，Fulica Atra，Podiceps Cristatus;第3组：Mareca Strepera ，anas crecca，spatula clypeata，anas acuta，spatula querquedula）。计数日期和物种被视为随机效应（R），这些是与标准误差的差异

Evaluating remotely sensed plant count accuracy with differing unmanned aircraft system altitudes, physical canopy separations, and ground covers

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