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On the mathematical and foundational significance of the uncountable

机译:关于不可数的数学和基本意义

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We study the logical and computational properties of basic theorems of uncountable mathematics, including the Cousin and Lindelof lemma published in 1895 and 1903. Historically, these lemmas were among the first formulations of open-cover compactness and the Lindelof property, respectively. These notions are of great conceptual importance: the former is commonly viewed as a way of treating uncountable sets like e.g. [0, 1] as "almost finite", while the latter allows one to treat uncountable sets like e.g. R as "almost countable". This reduction of the uncountable to the finite/countable turns out to have a considerable logical and computational cost: we show that the aforementioned lemmas, and many related theorems, are extremely hard to prove, while the associated sub-covers are extremely hard to compute. Indeed, in terms of the standard scale (based on comprehension axioms), a proof of these lemmas requires at least the full extent of second-order arithmetic, a system originating from Hilbert-Bernays' Grundlagen der Mathematik. This observation has far-reaching implications for the Grundlagen's spiritual successor, the program of Reverse Mathematics, and the associated Godel hierarchy. We also show that the Cousin lemma is essential for the development of the gauge integral, a generalization of the Lebesgue and improper Riemann integrals that also uniquely provides a direct formalization of Feynman's path integral.
机译:我们研究了不可数数学的基本定理的逻辑和计算属性,包括堂兄和林德马在1895年和1903年出版的。历史上,这些lemmas分别是开放式紧凑性和Lindelof属性的第一次配方之一。这些概念具有很大的概念重要性:前者通常被视为一种治疗不可数套的方式。 [0,1]作为“几乎有限”,而后者允许人们像例如,像例如,处理不可数的套装。 r为“几乎可数”。这种对有限/可数的这种不可数的减少有着相当大的逻辑和计算成本:我们表明上述lemmas和许多相关的定理非常难以证明,而相关的子封面非常难以计算。实际上,就标准比例(基于理解公理)而言,这些lemmas的证据至少需要全面的二阶算术,这是一个来自希尔伯特 - 伯尼的Grundlagen der Mathematik的系统。这种观察对Grundlagen的精神继任者,逆向数学计划以及相关的戈德尔层次结构具有深远的影响。我们还表明,堂兄雷姆玛对于衡量规模的发展至关重要,Lebesgue的概括和黎曼的不当,也是单一提供Feynman路径积分的直接形式化。

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