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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of the history of the neurosciences >The development and evolution of 'cerebral thermometry': The physiology underlying a nineteenth-century approach to cerebral localization and neurological diagnosis
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The development and evolution of 'cerebral thermometry': The physiology underlying a nineteenth-century approach to cerebral localization and neurological diagnosis

机译：“脑温度”的发展与演化：十九世纪脑本地化方法的生理学和神经诊断

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Surface thermometers were developed in the latter half of the nineteenth century. From the 1850s through the 1880s, collaborations between physicians, research scientists, and instrument makers produced clear improvements in the technology to measure cranial surface temperatures, with development of self-registering mercury surface thermometers resistant to pressure and little influenced by ambient temperature, apparatus for recording cranial surface temperatures from multiple stations simultaneously, and development of thermoelectric apparatus. Physiologic studies of cranial surface thermometry were conducted over a quarter century from 1861 to 1886. Beginning in the 1860s Albers in Bonn, Germany, and Lombard at Harvard and later in England systematically investigated surface temperatures on the head using surface thermometers and thermoelectric apparatus; they demonstrated that head temperatures were variable over time and across individuals and were not clearly influenced by thinking or muscular contraction but were influenced by ambient air temperature. In 1880 Amidon in the United States claimed that cranial surface thermometry during exertion produced localized increases in surface temperature on the contralateral scalp in a specific pattern ("external motive areas") indicating underlying brain areas responsible for each movement. Amidon's results were not reproduced by experienced physiologists in England or France. Contemporaries recognized that significant technical and practical problems limited the accuracy and reliability of cranial surface thermometry. Physiological studies of cranial surface thermometry ended in the mid 1880s, although some clinicians who were early advocates promoted its use in clinical contexts into the early twentieth century.
机译：表面温度计在十九世纪下半叶开发。从19世纪80年代到1880年代，医师，研究科学家和仪器制造商之间的合作产生了明确的技术来测量颅面温度，开发抗压力的自我登记汞表面温度计和环境温度影响很小，同时从多个站记录来自多个站的颅面温度，以及热电设备的开发。从1861年到1886年的四分之一世纪进行了颅面温度的生理学研究。从德国波恩，哈佛垒的1860年代的Albers，在哈佛大陆的伦巴第，在英格兰的后来使用表面温度计和热电设备系统地研究了表面温度。他们证明，随着时间的推移和患有思维或肌肉收缩的情况，头部温度随着思维或肌肉收缩而受到明显影响，而是受环境空气温度的影响。在1880年，在美国，美国的举射期间的颅面温度在特定图案（“外部动机区域”）中产生的局部温度的局部温度增加，指示负责每种运动的底层脑区域。在英国或法国的经验丰富的生理学家没有复制amidon的结果。同时代人认识到显着的技术和实际问题限制了颅面温度的准确性和可靠性。颅面温度的生理研究在1880年代中期结束，虽然一些早期倡导者的临床医生促进其在二十世纪初的临床环境中的使用。

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