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首页> 外文期刊>Agronomy for Sustainable Development >Plant species diversity for sustainable management of pests and diseases in agroecosystems: a review
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Plant species diversity for sustainable management of pests and diseases in agroecosystems: a review

机译：在农业生态系统中可持续管理病虫害的植物物种多样性：综述

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Farmers are facing serious plant protection issues and phytosanitary risks, in particular in the tropics. Such issues are food insecurity, lower income in traditional low-input agroecosystems, adverse effects of pesticide use on human health and on the environment in intensive systems and export restrictions due to strict regulations on quarantine pests and limits on pesticide residues. To provide more and better food to populations in both the southern and northern hemispheres in a sustainable manner, there is a need for a drastic reduction in pesticide use while keeping crop pest and disease damage under control. This can be achieved by breaking with industrial agriculture and using an agro-ecological approach, whose main pillar is the conservation or introduction of plant diversity in agroecosystems. Earlier literature suggest that increasing vegetational biodiversity in agroecosystems can reduce the impact of pests and diseases by the following mechanisms: (1) resource dilution and stimulo-deterrent diversion, (2) disruption of the spatial cycle, (3) disruption of the temporal cycle, (4) allelopathy effects, (5) general and specific soil suppressiveness, (6) crop physiological resistance, (7) conservation of natural enemies and facilitation oftheir action against aerial pests and (8) direct and indirect architectural/ physical effects. Here we review the reported examples of such effects on a broad range of pathogens and pests, e.g. insects, mites, myriapods, nematodes, parasitic weeds, fungi, bacteria and viruses across different cropping systems. Our review confirms that it is not necessarily true that vegetational diversification reduces the incidence of pests and diseases. The ability of some pests and pathogens to use a wide range of plants as alternative hosts/reservoirs is the main limitation to the suppressive role of this strategy, but all other pathways identified for the control of pests and disease based on plant species diversity (PSD) also have certain limitations. Improvingour understanding of the mechanisms involved should enable us to explain how, where and when exceptions to the above principle are likely to occur, with a view to developing sustainable agroecosystems based on enhanced ecological processes of pest and disease control by optimized vegetational diversification.
机译：农民面临严重的植物保护问题和植物检疫风险，特别是在热带地区。这些问题包括粮食不安全，传统的低投入农业生态系统的收入较低，集约化系统中农药使用对人体健康和环境的不利影响以及由于对检疫性有害生物的严格规定和农药残留限制而造成的出口限制。为了以可持续的方式向南半球和北半球的人口提供更多更好的食物，需要大幅度减少农药的使用，同时保持对作物病虫害和病害的控制。这可以通过打破工业农业并采用农业生态方法来实现，其主要支柱是在农业生态系统中保护或引入植物多样性。较早的文献表明，农业生态系统中植被生物多样性的增加可通过以下机制减少有害生物和疾病的影响：（1）资源稀释和刺激威慑的转移，（2）空间周期的破坏，（3）时间周期的破坏，（4）化感作用，（5）一般和特定的土壤抑制作用，（6）作物生理抗性，（7）保护天敌并促进其对空中害虫的作用以及（8）直接和间接的建筑/物理作用。在这里，我们回顾了对广泛的病原体和害虫（例如不同种植系统中的昆虫，螨虫，无足纲动物，线虫，寄生杂草，真菌，细菌和病毒。我们的评论证实，植被的多样化减少病虫害的发生并不一定是正确的。某些害虫和病原体利用多种植物作为替代宿主/水库的能力是该策略抑制作用的主要限制，但所有其他基于植物物种多样性（PSD）来控制害虫和病害的途径）也有一定的局限性。增进对相关机制的了解应使我们能够解释如何，在何时何地发生上述原则的例外情况，以期在通过优化植被多样化增强病虫害和疾病控制的生态过程的基础上发展可持续的农业生态系统。

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