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首页> 外文期刊>Annals of Botany >Transfer of genetic material between the chloroplast and nucleus: how is it related to stress in plants?
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Transfer of genetic material between the chloroplast and nucleus: how is it related to stress in plants?

机译：基因物质在叶绿体和细胞核之间的转移：与植物的胁迫有何关系？

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BACKGROUND: The presence of chloroplast-related DNA sequences in the nuclear genome is generally regarded as a relic of the process by which genes have been transferred from the chloroplast to the nucleus. The remaining chloroplast encoded genes are not identical across the plant kingdom indicating an ongoing transfer of genes from the organelle to the nucleus. SCOPE: This review focuses on the active processes by which the nuclear genome might be acquiring or removing DNA sequences from the chloroplast genome. Present knowledge of the contribution to the nuclear genome of DNA originating from the chloroplast will be reviewed. In particular, the possible effects of stressful environments on the transfer of genetic material between the chloroplast and nucleus will be considered. The significance of this research and suggestions for the future research directions to identify drivers, such as stress, of the nuclear incorporation of plastid sequences are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The transfer to the nuclear genome of most of the protein-encoding functions for chloroplast-located proteins facilitates the control of gene expression. The continual transfer of fragments, including complete functional genes, from the chloroplast to the nucleus has been observed. However, the mechanisms by which the loss of functions and physical DNA elimination from the chloroplast genome following the transfer of those functions to the nucleus remains obscure. The frequency of polymorphism across chloroplast-related DNA fragments within a species will indicate the rate at which these DNA fragments are incorporated and removed from the chromosomes.
机译：背景：核基因组中叶绿体相关的DNA序列的存在通常被认为是基因从叶绿体转移到细胞核过程的遗迹。其余的叶绿体编码基因在整个植物界中并不相同，这表明基因正在从细胞器转移到细胞核。范围：本综述重点关注核基因组可能从叶绿体基因组中获取或去除DNA序列的活跃过程。将回顾目前有关叶绿体DNA对核基因组的贡献的知识。特别地，将考虑压力环境对叶绿体和细胞核之间遗传物质转移的可能影响。讨论了这项研究的意义和对未来研究方向的建议，以鉴定质体序列核掺入的驱动因素，例如应激。结论：将叶绿体定位蛋白的大多数蛋白编码功能转移到核基因组中，有助于控制基因表达。已经观察到包括完整功能基因在内的片段从叶绿体到核的连续转移。但是，这些功能转移到细胞核后，失去功能和从叶绿体基因组中消除物理DNA的机制仍然不清楚。一个物种中与叶绿体相关的DNA片段的多态性频率将指示这些DNA片段从染色体中掺入和移出的速率。

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