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How to See More in Observational Studies: Some New Quasi-Experimental Devices

机译：如何在观察研究中看到更多：一些新的准实验装置

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摘要

In a well-conducted, slightly idealized, randomized experiment, the only explanation of an association between treatment and outcome is an effect caused by the treatment. However, this is not true in observational studies of treatment effects, in which treatment and outcomes may be associated because of some bias in the assignment of treatments to individuals. When added to the design of an observational study, quasi-experimental devices investigate empirically a particular rival explanation or counterclaim, often attempting to preempt anticipated counterclaims. This review has three parts: a discussion of the often misunderstood logic of quasi-experimental devices; a brief overview of the important work of Donald T. Campbell and his colleagues (excellent expositions of this work have been published elsewhere); and its main topic, descriptions and empirical examples of newer devices, including evidence factors, differential effects, and the computerized construction of quasi-experiments.
机译：在一个进行良好，稍微理想化的随机实验中，对治疗与结果之间关系的唯一解释是由治疗引起的效果。但是，在对治疗效果的观察性研究中并非如此，在治疗研究中，由于个体对治疗的分配存在偏见，可能与治疗和结果相关联。当添加到观察性研究的设计中时，准实验性设备会根据经验对特定的竞争对手解释或反诉进行调查，通常会尝试抢先预期的反诉。这篇综述分为三个部分：讨论了经常被误解的准实验设备逻辑;简要概述了唐纳德·T·坎贝尔和他的同事的重要工作（这项工作的优秀论述已在其他地方发表）;及其主要主题，更新设备的描述和经验示例，包括证据因素，微分效应和准实验的计算机化构造。

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