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Highly variable, unpredictable activity patterns in invasive, but not native amphipod species

机译：入侵性两栖动物物种中高度可变，不可预测的活动模式

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摘要

Behavioral differences between native and introduced species may contribute to the invasiveness of certain species. This includes differences at the species level, consistent variation among individuals ("personality") and within-individual variation (e.g., behavioral plasticity). Here, we investigated swimming activity of individuals from four different amphipod species occurring in the river Rhine system, three of which were native or naturalized (> 100 years present) while one is a recent invader (Dikerogammarus villosus, 25 years present). At the species level, D. villosus did not show higher average swimming activity than the three non-invasive species. However, the non-invasive species, on average, changed their behavior predictably over the course of the experiment ("average behavioral plasticity"), while D. villosus did not exhibit any consistent change in activity. At the individual level, D. villosus exhibited greater among- and within-individual variation in activity levels than all non-invasive species. The non-invasive species further showed significant individual differences in plasticity, that is, individuals of these species differed consistently in how they changed their activity over time. The high within-individual variation in D. villosus translated into a lack of consistent individual differences in plasticity in this species. We hypothesize that the highly variable and unpredictable patterns of individual activity variation in D. villosus might help this successful invader to cope with new environmental conditions encountered in the river Rhine system.
机译：本地物种和引进物种之间的行为差​​异可能会导致某些物种的入侵。这包括物种级别的差异，个体之间的一致变异（“个性”）和个体内部变异（例如行为可塑性）。在这里，我们调查了莱茵河系统中来自四种不同的两栖动物物种的个体的游泳活动，其中三种是本地的或自然的（> 100年），而一种是最近的入侵者（Dikerogammarus villosus，<25年）。在物种水平上，D。villosus没有显示出比三个非入侵物种更高的平均游泳活动。然而，平均而言，非侵入性物种在实验过程中可预测地改变了它们的行为（“平均行为可塑性”），而绒毛衣藻没有表现出任何一致的活性变化。在个体水平上，比起所有非侵入性物种而言，D。villosus表现出更大的个体间和个体内活动水平变化。非侵入性物种在可塑性上还表现出明显的个体差异，也就是说，这些物种的个体随时间变化活动的方式一直存在差异。 D. villosus个体内部的高度差异导致该物种在可塑性方面缺乏一致的个体差异。我们假设，D。villosus中个体活动变化的高度可变且不可预测的模式可能有助于成功入侵者应对莱茵河系统中遇到的新环境条件。

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