Two Monte Carlo methods for atmospheric radiative transfer are presented. One is a backward three-dimensional Code suitable for the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum in which the source is considered to be a parallel flux incident on the upper boundary. The second is a forward plane-parallel code for the microwave region in which radiation is given by thermal emission. The biasing techniques used to reduce the computational time and keep the statistical oscillations relatively small are described. The results are tested by comparison with the results of equivalent codes, when available, and the speed of convergence is analyzed. # 1997 Optical Society of America
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