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Energetic particle precipitation in ECHAM5/MESSy – Part 2: Solar proton events

机译：ECHAM5 / MESSy中的高能粒子沉淀–第2部分：太阳质子事件

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The atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy (EMAC) has been extended by processes that parameterize particle precipitation. Several types of particle precipitation that directly affect NO_y and HO_x concentrations in the middle atmosphere are accounted for and discussed in a series of papers. In part 1, the EMAC parameterization for NO_x produced in the upper atmosphere by low-energy electrons is presented. Here, we discuss production of NO_y and HO_x associated with Solar Proton Events (SPEs). A submodel that parameterizes the effects of precipitating protons, based on flux measurements by instruments on the IMP or GOES satellites, was added to the EMAC model. Production and transport of NO_y and HO_x, as well as effects on other chemical species and dynamics during the 2003 Halloween SPEs are presented. Comparisons with MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements of a number of species affected by the SPE are shown and discussed. There is good agreement for NO_2, but a severe disagreement is found for N_2O similar to other studies. We discuss the effects of an altitude dependence of the N/NO production rate on the N_2O and NO_y changes during the SPE. This yields a modified parameterization that shows mostly good agreement between MIPAS and model results for NO_2, N_2O, O_3, and HOCl. With the ability of EMAC to relax the model meteorology to observations, accurate assessment of total column ozone loss is also possible, yielding a loss of approximately 10 DU at the end of November. Discrepancies remain for HNO_3, N_2O_5, and ClONO_2, which are likely a consequence from the missing cluster ion chemistry and ion-ion recombination in the EMAC model as well as known issues with the model’s NO_y partitioning.
机译：大气化学总循环模型ECHAM5 / MESSy（EMAC）已通过参数化颗粒沉淀的过程得到扩展。在一系列论文中，对几种直接影响中间大气中NO_y和HO_x浓度的颗粒降水进行了解释。在第1部分中，介绍了由低能电子在高层大气中产生的NO_x的EMAC参数化。在这里，我们讨论与太阳质子事件（SPE）相关的NO_y和HO_x的产生。在EMAC模型中添加了一个子模型，该子模型基于通过仪器对IMP或GOES卫星进行的通量测量来参数化质子沉淀的效果。介绍了2003年万圣节SPE期间NO_y和HO_x的生产和运输以及对其他化学物质和动力学的影响。展示并讨论了与MIPAS / ENVISAT测量值对SPE影响的多种物种的比较。对于NO_2有很好的一致性，但是与其他研究相似，在N_2O中发现了严重的分歧。我们讨论了固相萃取过程中N / NO产生率的高度依赖性对N_2O和NO_y变化的影响。这产生了修改后的参数化，该参数化显示了MIPAS和NO_2，N_2O，O_3和HOCl的模型结果之间的良好一致性。借助EMAC的能力，可以使模型气象学放宽到观测值，还可以准确评估总柱臭氧损失，在11月底损失约10 DU。 HNO_3，N_2O_5和ClONO_2仍然存在差异，这可能是由于EMAC模型中缺少簇离子化学和离子-离子重组以及该模型的NO_y分区的已知问题造成的。

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