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首页> 外文期刊>Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science >Self-Sacrificial Behavior and its Explanation in Terms of Max Scheler's Concept of Spirit
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Self-Sacrificial Behavior and its Explanation in Terms of Max Scheler's Concept of Spirit

机译：自我牺牲行为及其对马克思舍勒精神概念的解释

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One of the key concepts of the German philosopher Max Scheler (1874-1928) is his concept of spirit. He understands spirit as one of several naturally functioning human mental agencies, such as consciousness, will, memory, etc. That is, he treats the mental agency of spirit in a scientific way and avoids any esoteric or religious connotations that this peculiar term may involve. The nature of human spirit, according to Scheler, is the ability to withstand and deliberately redirect biological imperatives and instinctive drives, up to the point of purposefully throwing away one's own life. The presence of spirit constitutes the essence of the human being that differentiates him qualitatively from all animals. In this article, I argue that it is human spirit that plays the determinative role in causing heroic and self-sacrificial behavior. I also argue that the individual human spirit experiences its inherent development, thus having several rather dissimilar stages and manifestations. I discuss the meaning that the term 'spirit' has in the English and the American philosophical and psychological traditions and the meaning of the corresponding term 'der Geist' in the German traditions. The specific English-language understanding of the term 'spirit', compared to its German counterpart 'der Geist', namely, less scientific and more religious and esoteric and metaphorical for the former, makes it alien and almost unusable in the English and American traditions. The linguistic difference leads to the misunderstanding of some very important ideas brought by the concept of spirit as introduced by Scheler. My purpose is to overcome this discrepancy and omission and to introduce the notion and the concept of spirit, in their scientific understanding, into the arsenal of modern English-language cognitive science, psychology, and philosophy in order to provide for the full explanatory force of the hitherto neglected concept of spirit.
机译：德国哲学家马克斯·舍勒（Max Scheler，1874-1928）的关键概念之一就是他的精神概念。他将精神理解为几种自然起作用的人类心理机构之一，例如意识，意志，记忆等。也就是说，他以科学的方式对待精神的心理机构，并避免了这个特殊术语可能涉及的任何深奥或宗教含义。舍勒认为，人类精神的本性是承受并有意识地改变生物命令和本能驱动力的能力，直至故意丢掉自己的生命。精神的存在构成了人类的本质，从本质上将他与所有动物区分开。在本文中，我认为是人类的精神在引起英雄和自我牺牲的行为中起着决定性的作用。我也认为，人类的个人精神经历了其内在的发展，因此具有几个相当不同的阶段和表现形式。我将讨论“精神”一词在英国和美国哲学和心理学传统中的含义，以及相应的术语“ der Geist”在德国传统中的含义。与德语中的“ der Geist”相比，英语中对“精神”一词的特殊理解，即对前者的缺乏科学性和宗教性，深奥性和隐喻性，使其在英语和美国传统中变得陌生且几乎无法使用。语言上的差异导致误解了舍勒（Scheler）提出的精神概念带来的一些非常重要的观念。我的目的是克服这种差异和遗漏，并将精神的概念和精神，以其科学的理解，引入现代英语认知科学，心理学和哲学的库中，以提供充分的解释力。迄今为止被忽略的精神概念。

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