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首页> 外文期刊>Bulletin de la Societe prehistorique francaise >The efficiency of Neolithic sickles in the Near East: An experimental approach
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The efficiency of Neolithic sickles in the Near East: An experimental approach

机译：近东新石器时代镰刀的效率：一种实验方法

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摘要

In the Near East "sickles" or "glossy pieces" occur for the first time during the Natufian period. These tools are either "sickle blades" or "sickle elements". "Sickle blades" are used hafted or hand-held as single cutting tools. "Sickle elements" are inserted in a haft in order to create a composite instrument. When sickles are made from flint, they are easily recognized since they usually bear a macroscopic gloss that covers a wide area on both sides of the tool. Experimental and microscopic studies have shown that the majority of these tools were used as sickles to harvest cereals or, less frequently, soft siliceous plants such as reeds and typha. Macroscopic glosses of different natures develop on various occasions, for example: on elements mounted on threshing sledges; when limestone is worked with the addition of water; when humid clay is scraped; etc. When sickle elements are made from obsidian, no macroscopic gloss develops and use wear is rarely observed with the naked eye. In this case, the worn area on the tool presents a mat aspect and abrasion features. Such tools are rarely recognized as such. Sometimes, abrasion features are erroneously interpreted as harvesting marks. The frequency of harvesting instruments increased during the Neolithic period. According to several analysts, the use of sickles to harvest cereals was preferred to other harvesting techniques such as uprooting, the use of beaters and baskets, and mesoarias in order to maximize yields. Moreover, the evolution of the morphology of sickles has often been related to the gradual adoption and the spread of agriculture. Sickles found on archaeological sites may be complete or broken. The hafts were made from wood, antler, or horn and the sickle elements were inserted parallel or oblique to the haft and often glued with bitumen. If only sickle elements are discovered on the site, the distribution of the gloss and the bitumen and the size of the blanks provide information on the mode ofhafting, the degree of curvature of the haft, and, in some cases, the number of lithic inserts. The aim of the present paper is to examine the relation between the morphology and efficiency of the sickles and the adoption of agriculture by the Neolithic communities in the Near East. Based on publications, we identify three major steps in the evolution of sickle manufacturing in this region: the appearance of composite sickles, increased curvature of the hafts, and the adoption of oblique inserts. An experimental programme was devised in order to evaluate the impact of the following factors on sickle productivity: the harvester; the curvature of the haft; the length of the cutting edge of the lithic blade; the position of the blade in relation to the haft (parallel or oblique); the raw material used (flint or obsidian). Statistical analysis of the results allows the impact of each factor and of combinations of factors to be evaluated. Our research has shown that the harvester parameter is important. The knowledge, skill, and physical strength of the harvester as well as his/her adaptation to the use of different tools and to different working conditions influence productivity.
机译：在近东，纳图夫时期首次出现“刺”或“有光泽的碎片”。这些工具是“镰刀”或“镰刀元件”。 “镰刀”可单柄或手持使用。将“镰刀状元件”插入柄中以创建复合乐器。用镰刀制成镰刀时，很容易识别它们，因为它们通常具有宏观光泽，可以覆盖工具两侧的大面积区域。实验和显微镜研究表明，这些工具中的大多数被用作镰刀，用于收获谷物或较少见的软硅质植物，例如芦苇和伤寒。不同性质的宏观光泽会在各种情况下出现，例如：安装在脱粒雪橇上的元件上;当石灰石加水处理时;刮去潮湿的粘土时;当镰刀元件由黑曜石制成时，不会产生宏观光泽，肉眼几乎看不到使用磨损。在这种情况下，工具上的磨损区域会呈现出垫子的外观和磨损特征。这样的工具很少被这样认识。有时，磨损特征会错误地解释为收割痕迹。在新石器时代，收割工具的频率增加了。几位分析家认为，使用镰刀收割谷物要优于其他收割技术，例如连根拔起，使用打浆机和篮筐以及中胚轴，以最大程度地提高产量。此外，镰刀形态的演变通常与农业的逐步采用和普及有关。在考古现场发现的镰刀可能完整或断裂。柄是用木头，鹿角或角制成的，并且镰刀状的元件平行于或倾斜插入，并经常用沥青粘合。如果仅在现场发现镰刀状元素，则光泽和沥青的分布以及毛坯的尺寸将提供有关起钉方式，柄的曲率程度以及在某些情况下的石块插入物数量的信息。 。本文的目的是研究镰刀的形态和效率与近东新石器时代社区采用农业之间的关系。根据出版物，我们确定了该地区镰刀制造发展的三个主要步骤：复合镰刀的外观，柄的弯曲度增加以及采用倾斜刀片。为了评估以下因素对镰刀生产率的影响，设计了一个实验程序：柄的曲率;平板刀切削刃的长度;刀片相对于柄的位置（平行或倾斜）;使用的原材料（fl石或黑曜石）。结果的统计分析可以评估每个因素以及因素组合的影响。我们的研究表明，收割机参数很重要。收割机的知识，技能和体力以及他/她对使用不同工具和不同工作条件的适应性都会影响生产率。

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