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首页> 外文期刊>International journal of psychophysiology: official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology >Attention deficit and impulsivity: selecting, shifting, and stopping.
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Attention deficit and impulsivity: selecting, shifting, and stopping.

机译：注意缺陷和冲动：选择，转移和停止。

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The present selective review addresses attention, inhibition, and their underlying brain mechanisms, especially in relation to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (AD/HD), and the effects of methylphenidate. In particular, event-related potential (ERP) studies suggest a deficit in the early-filtering aspect of selective attention in children with AD/HD. Results from stop tasks are consistent with impairments in stopping performance in AD/HD, but in children (as opposed to adults) these effects cannot be easily dissociated from more general impairments in attention to the task, and therefore an interpretation in terms of inhibitory control is not straightforward. On the other hand, the beneficial effects of methylphenidate are more specific to stopping, and there are no clearcut effects of methylphenidate on measures of selective attention. Even when group differences pertain specifically to stopping performance (as with adults with AD/HD), ERP evidence suggests at least a partial contribution of differences in switching attention to the stop signal, as revealed in measures of sensory cortex activation. ERP evidence from cued googo tasks underlines the importance of taking into account the contribution of higher order control processes involved in anticipation of and preparation for task stimuli. It suggests that in certain conditions, expectancy, rather than response bias, contributes to increased behavioral response tendencies, and that a presumed index of response inhibition, the nogo N2, may rather reflect conflict monitoring. In sum, direct reflections of brain activity suggest that mechanisms of expectation and attention, rather than of response bias or inhibitory control, govern behavioral manifestations of impulsivity.
机译：本选择性综述针对注意力，抑制及其潜在的大脑机制，特别是与注意力缺陷/多动障碍（AD / HD）以及哌醋甲酯的作用有关。特别是，与事件相关的潜能（ERP）研究表明，AD / HD儿童的选择性注意的早期过滤方面存在缺陷。停止任务的结果与AD / HD的停止表现受损相一致，但是对于儿童（与成年人相反），这些效应不能轻易地与关注该任务的更普遍的损害区分开，因此可以用抑制控制来解释并不简单。另一方面，哌醋甲酯的有益效果更特别地在于停止，并且哌醋甲酯对选择性注意的措施没有明确的影响。甚至当组别差异特别与停止表现有关时（如患有AD / HD的成年人），ERP证据也表明，将注意力转移到停止信号上至少有部分贡献，如感觉皮层激活的量度所揭示。提示的执行/执行任务的ERP证据强调了考虑到高级刺激控制过程对任务刺激的预期和准备所涉及的重要性。它表明，在某些情况下，期望而不是反应偏向会导致行为反应倾向的增加，并且假定的反应抑制指数nogo N2可能反映了冲突监控。总而言之，对大脑活动的直接反映表明，期望和注意力的机制决定了冲动的行为表现，而不是响应偏差或抑制性控制。

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