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The interplay of sex ratio, male success and density-independent mortality affects population dynamics

机译：性别比，男性成功率和与密度无关的死亡率之间的相互作用影响人口动态

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Environmental constraints can limit a population to a certain size, which is usually called the carrying capacity of a habitat. Besides to this 'external' factor, which is mainly determined by the limitation of resources, we investigate here another set of population-intrinsic factors that can limit a population size significantly below the maximum sustainable size. Firstly, density-independent mortality is a prominent factor in all organisms that show age-related and/or accidental death. Secondly, in sexually reproducing organisms the sex ratio and the success of pairing is important for finding reproductive partners. Using a simple model, we demonstrate how sex ratio, mating success and gender-specific mortality can strongly affect the speed of population growth and the maximum population size. In addition, we demonstrate that density-independent mortality, which is often neglected in population models, adds a very important feature to the system: it strongly enhances the negative influence of unbiased sex ratios and inefficient pairing to the maximum sustainable population size. A decrease of the maximum population size significantly affects a population's survival chance in inter-specific competition. Thus, we conclude that the inclusion of density-independent mortality is crucial, especially for models of species that reproduce sexually. We show that density-independent mortality, together with biased sex ratios, can significantly lower the abilities of a population to survive in conditions of strong inter-specific competition and due to the Allee effect. We emphasize that population models should incorporate the sex ratio, male success and density-independent mortality to make plausible predictions of the population dynamics in a gender-structured population. We show that the population size is limited by these intrinsic factors. This is of high ecological significance, because it means that there will always be resources available in any habitat that allows other species (e.g., invaders) to use these resources and settle successfully, if they are sufficiently adapted.
机译：环境限制可以将种群限制在一定规模，通常称为栖息地的承载能力。除了主要由资源限制决定的“外部”因素外，我们在这里研究了另一组人口本能因素，它们可以将人口规模限制在大大低于最大可持续规模以下。首先，与密度无关的死亡率是所有显示出年龄相关和/或意外死亡的生物的重要因素。其次，在有性生殖生物中，性别比和配对成功对寻找生殖伴侣很重要。使用一个简单的模型，我们证明了性别比例，交配成功率和特定性别的死亡率如何严重影响人口增长速度和最大人口规模。此外，我们证明了人口模型中经常忽略的与密度无关的死亡率，这为该系统增加了一个非常重要的功能：它大大增强了无偏性别比例和低效配对对最大可持续人口规模的负面影响。最大种群数量的减少会极大地影响种群在种间竞争中的生存机会。因此，我们得出结论，包括密度无关的死亡率至关重要，尤其是对于有性繁殖的物种模型而言。我们表明，密度无关的死亡率以及有偏见的性别比，可能会大大降低种群在强大的种间竞争和Allee效应条件下生存的能力。我们强调，人口模型应考虑性别比例，男性成功率和与密度无关的死亡率，以合理预测性别结构化人口中的人口动态。我们表明，人口规模受到这些内在因素的限制。这具有很高的生态意义，因为这意味着在任何栖息地中总会有可用的资源，如果其他物种（如入侵者）得到了充分的适应，它们便可以使用这些资源并成功地定居。

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