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首页> 外文期刊>Ecology letters >Density-dependent investment in costly anti-predator defences: An explanation for the weak survival benefit of group living
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Density-dependent investment in costly anti-predator defences: An explanation for the weak survival benefit of group living

机译：对昂贵的反捕食者防御系统进行依赖密度的投资：对群体生活的弱生存收益的解释

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摘要

A central explanation for group living across animal taxa is the reduced rate of attack by predators. However, many field observations show a weak or non-existent effect of group size on per capita mortality rates. Herein we resolve this apparent paradox. We found that Pieris brassicae larvae defended themselves less readily when in groups than when alone, in that they were more reluctant to regurgitate in response to simulated attacks and produced less regurgitant. Furthermore, a simple model demonstrates that this reluctance was sufficient to cancel out the benefit from being in a group. This conditional strategy can be understood in terms of the costs and benefits of defences. For grouped individuals, defence is less often required because attack rates are lower and the costs of defence may be higher due to competition for resources. These phenomena are likely to be widespread in facultatively gregarious species that utilise anti-predator defences.
机译：跨动物分类群生活的一个主要解释是掠食者的攻击率降低。但是，许多现场观察表明，小组规模对人均死亡率的影响微弱或不存在。在这里，我们解决了这个明显的悖论。我们发现，菜青虫幼虫在群体中的防御比在单独时更不容易，因为它们更不愿意为模拟攻击而反流，并产生较少的反流。此外，一个简单的模型表明，这种勉强足以抵消来自群体中的好处。可以从防御的成本和收益方面来理解这种条件策略。对于分组的个人，防御的需求较少，因为攻击率较低，并且由于争夺资源可能导致防御成本较高。这些现象很可能在利用反捕食者防御的兼群的物种中广泛传播。

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