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首页> 外文期刊>Ecology: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America >Many routes lead to Rome: Potential causes for the multi-route migration system of Red Knots, Calidris canutus islandica
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Many routes lead to Rome: Potential causes for the multi-route migration system of Red Knots, Calidris canutus islandica

机译：许多路线通向罗马：卡里德里斯canutus islandica红结多路线迁移系统的潜在原因

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摘要

Migrants, such as birds or representatives of other taxa, usually make use of several stopover sites to cover the distance between their site of origin and destination. Potentially, multiple routes exist, but often little is known about the causes and consequences of alternative migration routes. Apart from their geographical distribution, the suitability of potential sites might play an important role in the animals' decisions for a particular itinerary. We used an optimal-migration model to test three nonmutually exclusive hypotheses leading to variations in the spring migration routes of a subspecies of Red Knot, Calidris canutus islandica, which migrates from wintering grounds in Western Europe to breeding grounds in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic: The breeding location hypothesis, the energy budget hypothesis, and the predation risk hypothesis. Varying only breeding location, the model predicted that birds breeding in the Canadian Arctic and on West Greenland stop over on Iceland, whereas birds breeding in East and Northeast Greenland migrate via northern Norway, a prediction that is supported by empirical findings. Energy budgets on stopover sites had a strong influence on the choice of route and staging times. Varying foraging-intensity and mass-dependent predation risk prompted the birds to use less risky sites, if possible. The effect of simultaneous changes in the energy budget and predation risk strongly depended on the site where these occurred. Our findings provide potential explanations for the observations that C. canutus islandica uses a diverse array of migration routes. Scrutinizing the three alternative driving forces for the choice of migratory routes awaits further, specific data collection in rapidly developing fields of research (e.g., predation risk assessment, GPS tracking). Generally, the type of modeling presented here may not only highlight alternative explanations, but also direct follow-up empirical research.
机译：迁徙者，例如鸟类或其他类群的代表，通常利用几个中途停留地来掩盖其始发地与目的地之间的距离。可能存在多种途径，但对于替代迁移途径的原因和后果往往知之甚少。除了其地理分布外，潜在地点的适宜性可能在动物针对特定行程的决策中起重要作用。我们使用最佳迁移模型测试了三个互斥的假说，这些假说导致了红结亚种Calidris canutus islandica的春季迁徙路线发生变化，该物种从西欧的越冬地迁至格陵兰和加拿大北极的繁殖地：繁殖地点假说，能源预算假说和捕食风险假说。该模型仅在繁殖地点不同的情况下预测，在加拿大北极和西格陵兰岛上繁殖的鸟类将在冰岛停留，而在东部和东北格陵兰岛上繁殖的鸟类将通过挪威北部迁移，这一预测得到了经验结果的支持。中途停留地点的能源预算对路线选择和过渡时间有很大影响。觅食强度和质量依赖性捕食风险的变化促使鸟类在可能的情况下使用风险较小的场所。能源预算和捕食风险的同时变化所产生的影响在很大程度上取决于发生这些变化的地点。我们的发现为C. canutus islandica使用多种迁徙路线提供了可能的解释。在选择快速发展的研究领域（例如，掠夺风险评估，GPS跟踪）中，还要仔细研究用于选择迁徙路线的三种替代驱动力。通常，此处介绍的建模类型不仅可以突出其他解释，还可以直接进行后续的经验研究。

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