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首页> 外文期刊>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: The journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group >Principles of geomorphic disturbance and recovery in response to storms
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Principles of geomorphic disturbance and recovery in response to storms

机译：风暴的地貌扰动和恢复原理

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The most important geomorphic responses to storms are qualitative changes in system state. Minor storms produce no state change or very rapid recovery to pre-storm state, and extinction events wipe out the system. In other cases disturbance results in a state change, which may be transitional (change to a previously existing state), state space expansion (change to a new state), and clock-resetting events that return the system to its initial state. Recovery pathways are much more varied than the monotonic progressions represented in classic vegetation succession and linear channel evolution models. Those linear sequential pathways are only one of several archetypal recovery pathways, which also include binary, convergent, divergent, and more complex networks. Filter-dominated systems are more likely to follow linear sequential or convergent patterns, whereas amplifier-dominance is characteristic of divergent and more complex mesh or fully-connected patterns. Amplifier domination is also more likely to lead to evolutionary or state space expansion responses. Amplification and filtering in geomorphic response and recovery can be assessed using the 'Four R's' framework of response, resistance, relaxation, and recursion. High resistance and resilience, rapid relaxation times, and stable recursive feedback networks reduce or offset effects of disturbances, thus filtering their impacts. Conversely, low resistance and resilience, slow relaxation, and dynamically unstable feedbacks can exaggerate disturbances, creating disproportionately large and long-lived impacts, thereby amplifying disturbances. Unless new filter mechanisms evolve (either autogenically or anthropically), or the number of extinction or clock-resetting events increases, intensified storminess will result in more geomorphic variability. These ideas are applied to a case study of a flood on the Clark Fork River, Montana, USA. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
机译：对风暴最重要的地貌反应是系统状态的质变。小型风暴不会产生状态变化，也不会很快恢复到风暴前的状态，并且灭绝事件会破坏整个系统。在其他情况下，干扰会导致状态变化，状态变化可能是过渡的（更改为先前存在的状态），状态空间扩展（更改为新状态）以及使系统返回其初始状态的时钟重置事件。恢复路径比经典植被演替和线性通道演化模型中表示的单调进程变化得多。这些线性顺序路径只是几种原型恢复路径中的一种，其中还包括二进制，收敛，发散和更复杂的网络。滤波器为主的系统更可能遵循线性顺序或会聚模式，而放大器支配性则是发散，更复杂的网格或完全连接的模式的特征。放大器的控制也很可能导致进化或状态空间扩展响应。可以使用响应，抗性，松弛和递归的“四个R”框架评估地貌响应和恢复中的扩增和过滤。高电阻和弹性，快速的松弛时间以及稳定的递归反馈网络可减少或抵消干扰的影响，从而滤除其影响。相反，低电阻和弹性，缓慢的松弛以及动态不稳定的反馈会夸大干扰，产生不成比例的大而长久的冲击，从而放大干扰。除非开发出新的过滤器机制（自动或人为地），或者灭绝或时钟重置事件的数量增加，否则增强的暴风雨将导致更大的地貌变异性。这些想法被应用于美国蒙大拿州克拉克福克河洪水的案例研究。版权所有（c）2016 John Wiley＆Sons，Ltd.

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