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首页> 外文期刊>Ethology >Do Insectivorous Birds use Volatile Organic Compounds from Plants as Olfactory Foraging Cues? Three Experimental Tests
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Do Insectivorous Birds use Volatile Organic Compounds from Plants as Olfactory Foraging Cues? Three Experimental Tests

机译：食虫鸟类会使用植物中的挥发性有机化合物作为嗅觉觅食线索吗？三种实验测试

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Some insectivorous birds orient towards insect-defoliated trees even when they do not see the foliar damage or the herbivores. There are, however, only a few studies that have examined the mechanisms behind this foraging behaviour. Previous studies suggest that birds can use olfactory foraging cues (e.g. volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by defoliated plants), indirect visual cues or a combination of the two sensory cues. VOCs from insect-defoliated plants are known to attract natural enemies of herbivores, and researchers have hypothesized that VOCs could also act as olfactory foraging cues for birds. We conducted three experiments across a range of spatial scales to test this hypothesis. In each experiment, birds were presented with olfactory cues and their behavioural responses or foraging outcomes were observed. In the first experiment, two different VOC blends, designed to simulate the volatile emissions of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) after defoliation by autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) larvae, were used in behavioural experiments in aviaries with pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). The second experiment was a field-based trial of bird foraging efficiency; the same VOC blends were applied to mountain birches, silver birches (B. pendula) and European white birches (B. pubescens) with plasticine larvae attached to the trees to serve as artificial prey for birds and provide a means to monitor predation rate. In the third experiment, the attractiveness of silver birch saplings defoliated by autumnal moth larvae versus intact controls was tested with great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) in an aviary. Birds did not orient towards either artificial or real trees with VOC supplements or towards herbivore-damaged saplings when these saplings and undamaged alternatives were hidden from view. These findings do not support the hypothesis that olfactory foraging cues are necessary in the attraction of birds to herbivore-damaged trees.
机译：一些食虫性鸟类即使没有看到叶面损害或食草动物，也会​​朝向落叶的树木定向。但是，只有很少的研究研究了这种觅食行为背后的机制。先前的研究表明，鸟类可以使用嗅觉觅食线索（例如，落叶植物排放的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）），间接视觉线索或两种感官线索的组合。已知来自昆虫落叶植物的挥发性有机化合物会吸引食草动物的天敌，研究人员推测，挥发性有机化合物还可以充当鸟类的嗅觉觅食线索。我们在一系列空间尺度上进行了三个实验，以验证这一假设。在每个实验中，都向鸟类呈现嗅觉提示，并观察其行为反应或觅食结果。在第一个实验中，设计了两种不同的VOC混合物，用于模拟秋蛾（Epirrita autumnata）幼虫脱叶后桦树（Betula pubescens ssp。czerepanovii）的挥发性排放，用于带pie捕蝇器（Ficedula hypoleuca ）。第二个实验是基于实地的鸟类觅食效率试验。将相同的VOC混合物应用于山桦，银桦（B. pendula）和欧洲白桦（B. pubescens），并在树上附着了橡皮泥幼虫，以作为鸟类的人工猎物，并提供了监测捕食率的手段。在第三个实验中，用大山雀（Parus major）和蓝山雀（Cyanistes caeruleus）在鸟笼中测试了秋蛾幼虫与完整对照组相比落叶的白桦树苗的吸引力。当这些树苗和未损坏的替代品不可见时，鸟类既不会面向使用VOC补充剂的人造树或真正的树木，也不面向草食动物损坏的树苗。这些发现不支持这样的假设，即嗅觉觅食线索对于将鸟吸引到食草动物损坏的树木是必要的。

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