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Potential Costs of Selecting Good Sites For Offspring: Increased Risk of Drowning And Negative Effects on Egg Production

机译：为后代选择优良产地的潜在成本：溺水的风险增加以及对鸡蛋生产的负面影响

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Many studies have shown the benefits of selecting suitable sites for offspring survival and growth. However, costs of selecting suitable sites have been little covered. If the female's costs associated with selecting suitable sites exceed the benefit from improvement of offspring performance, selecting such sites can have a negative effect on the ongoing reproductive success for ovipositing females. We investigate the potential costs of selecting suitable sites in the water strider Aquarius paludum insularis. Where there exists a risk of egg parasitism, the female A.paludum will submerge and select a deep site, more suitable for offspring survival, for oviposition. By forcing A.paludum underwater once a day for 10d, we investigated the potential costs associated with oviposition at deep sites, firstly relating to the performance of submergence (latency to asphyxiation or proportion of buoyancy loss) and, secondly, in the number of eggs laid. Buoyancy became weaker and the latency to asphyxiation became shorter with the number of submergences. The number of eggs laid in the period of forced submergence was smaller than both before and after the period. Selecting deep sites can therefore increase the mortality risk of ovipositing females and also decrease the number of eggs laid in their lives. Selecting suitable sites in all the oviposition bouts can decrease ovipositing females' reproductive success. Costs, not only benefits, should be taken into consideration for understanding oviposition site selection during the lifespan of an ovipositing female.
机译：许多研究表明，为后代的生存和生长选择合适的位点是有好处的。但是，几乎没有涵盖选择合适地点的成本。如果与选择合适的地点相关的雌性成本超过了后代性能改善带来的收益，那么选择此类地点会对产卵的持续繁殖成功产生负面影响。我们调查在水str Aquarius paludum insularis中选择合适的地点的潜在成本。如果存在卵寄生虫的风险，雌性A.paludum将淹没并选择一个较深的部位，更适合于子代的生存。通过每天一次迫使白头翁在水下呆10天，我们研究了与深部产卵相关的潜在成本，首先是与淹没性能（潜伏窒息或浮力损失的比例）有关，其次是卵的数量奠定。随着潜水次数的增加，浮力变弱，窒息的潜伏期变短。强迫淹没期间产卵的数量少于该时期之前和之后的数量。因此，选择深处可以增加产卵女性的死亡风险，也可以减少其生活中产卵的数量。在所有产卵周期中选择合适的部位可以降低产卵女性生殖的成功率。在产卵妇女的整个寿命过程中，不仅要考虑成本，还要考虑收益，以了解产卵部位的选择。

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