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首页> 外文期刊>Ethology >Multimodal Signaling in Male and Female Foot-Flagging Frogs Staurois guttatus (Ranidae): An Alerting Function of Calling
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Multimodal Signaling in Male and Female Foot-Flagging Frogs Staurois guttatus (Ranidae): An Alerting Function of Calling

机译：雄性和雌性脚踩蛙Staurois guttatus（Ranidae）中的多模式信号转导：呼叫的警报功能

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摘要

In multimodal communication, individuals use several sensory modalities for information transfer. We report on novel observations of foot-flagging in the Bornean ranid frog Staurois guttatus that is temporally linked to advertisement calling. In addition, we document the first case of foot-flagging in a female anuran as well as additional visual displays in both males and females including arm-waving, vocal-sac pumping and open-mouth display. In males, advertisement calls and foot-flags were given throughout most of the day, suggesting that acoustic and visual signals form a multicomponent and multimodal display. We tested the efficacy-based alerting signal hypothesis of multimodal communication using acoustic playback experiments with males. This hypothesis predicts that an initial signal draws the receiver's attention to -the location of a subsequent more informative signal. Several lines of evidence supported the alerting hypothesis. First, the latency between foot-flags and advertisement callswas significantly higher than that between advertisement calls and foot-flags, suggesting a functional linkage with calls drawing attention to foot-flags. Secondly, advertisement calling had a signaling function with males responding significantly more often with both calls and foot-flags compared with pre- and post-playback control periods. Finally, and most notably, all males tested turned towards the playback stimulus, suggesting that the advertisement call serves to focus their attention on subsequent signals. We discuss the potential of multimodal signaling for conspecific and heterospecific communication and the circumstances under which such a multimodal communication system could evolve.
机译：在多模式通信中，个人使用几种感觉模式进行信息传递。我们报告了婆罗洲黑蛙蛙Staurois guttatus暂时与广告招呼相关的踩脚的新发现。此外，我们记录了女性无头动物中举脚的第一种情况，以及雄性和雌性中的其他视觉显示，包括挥臂，发声囊和张口显示。在男性中，一天中的大部分时间都会发出广告呼叫和标记，这表明声音和视觉信号形成了多分量和多模式的显示。我们使用男性的声音回放实验测试了多模式通信基于功效的警报信号假设。该假设预测，初始信号会引起接收者的注意，即随后更多信息信号的位置。有几条证据支持警惕性假设。首先，标记和广告呼叫之间的等待时间明显高于广告呼叫和标记之间的等待时间，这表明与呼叫的功能联系引起了人们对标记的关注。其次，广告播放具有发信号的功能，与播放前和播放后的控制周期相比，男性在呼叫和标记方面的响应频率更高。最后，最值得注意的是，所有接受测试的男性都转向了播放刺激，这表明广告宣传的目的是将注意力集中在随后的信号上。我们讨论了用于同种和异种通信的多模式信号传递的潜力，以及这种多模式通信系统可能发展的环境。

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