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首页> 外文期刊>Ethology >Is divorce in young common terns, Sterna hirundo, after recruitment just a question of timing?
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Is divorce in young common terns, Sterna hirundo, after recruitment just a question of timing?

机译：招募后，年轻的燕鸥（Sterna hirundo）离婚只是时间问题吗？

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The probability of divorce in birds has been linked with age, breeding experience, reproductive output and synchrony in return. Here, we investigate the consequences of first breeding attempts in common terns for mating in the subsequent season. Nearly 20% of all first-time breeders disappeared or skipped at least one season after recruitment. In 84 pairs, which consisted of at least one recruit and of which both partners returned to the colony, the divorce rate was 45%. We compared reproductive success, arrival dates, and asynchrony in arrival dates of pairs of the first breeding season against the second season, for both reunited and divorced pairs and males and females separately. First, in pairs of which both members came back to the colony, we found an increase of reproductive success most pronounced in males. In the second season reproductive success of divorced compared with reunited pairs was higher, as only divorced pairs significantly improved the number of fledglings, and again this relation was stronger in males. Secondly, females of reunited pairs arrived significantly earlier from the first to the second season and by far more days than their males. However, in divorced pairs former mates did not differ in the number of days they advance their arrivals. Finally, divorced males arrived on average 4 d earlier than their former mates, whereas divorced females arrived 5 d later compared with their former mates of the recruitment season. Contradictory to nearly all other divorce studies in birds so far, we found a clear fitness gain in divorced males. We suggest that the improvement in reproductive success of young males stems from a side-effect of the birds' quality and ability to reach the breeding site in appropriate time and earlier as potential competitors. In long-lived bird species the heterogeneity among young individuals in the timing of arrival at the colony seems to explain why former recruit-pairs reunite or split. For young males we suggest as best explanation of divorce that they profit from 'pushing for an empty chair', while females seem to profit from their choosiness and may actively decide between former and other mates.
机译：鸟类离婚的可能性与年龄，繁殖经验，生殖输出和回报同步有关。在这里，我们调查了普通燕鸥首次繁殖尝试的后果，以便在随后的季节交配。在招募后的至少一个季节中，将近20％的初次育种者失踪或跳过。在84对中，其中包括至少一个新兵，并且两个伴侣都返回了殖民地，离婚率为45％。我们比较了成对和离婚的成对以及雄性和雌性的成对繁殖对，第一个繁殖季节对与第二个季节对的生殖成功，到达日期和到达日期的异步性。首先，成对的两个成员都回到了殖民地，我们发现男性中生殖成功的增加最为明显。在第二个季节中，离婚的夫妻比重聚的夫妻在生殖上的成功率更高，因为只有离婚的夫妻才能显着提高雏鸟的数量，而这种关系在雄性中更强。其次，团聚的雌性从第一个季节到第二个季节到达的时间要早​​得多，而且比雄性要多得多。但是，在离婚对中，前配偶提前到达的天数没有变化。最后，离婚的男性比其前配偶平均提前4天到达，而离异的女性比其招聘季节的前配偶晚5天到达。到目前为止，与几乎所有其他鸟类离婚研究相矛盾的是，我们发现离婚的雄性有明显的适应能力。我们认为，幼小雄性繁殖成功的改善源于鸟类质量和在适当的时间或更早地作为潜在竞争者到达繁殖场的能力的副作用。在长寿鸟类中，年轻个体在到达殖民地时的异质性似乎可以解释为什么以前的新兵配对重新团聚或分裂。对于离婚的最佳男性，我们建议他们从“推空椅子”中获利，这是对离婚的最好解释，而女性则似乎从挑剔中获利，并可能在前夫和其他伴侣之间积极地做出决定。

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