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首页> 外文期刊>Ethology >Opening the Black Boxof Developmental Experiments: Behavioural Mechanisms Underlying Long-Term Effects of EarlySocial Experience
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Opening the Black Boxof Developmental Experiments: Behavioural Mechanisms Underlying Long-Term Effects of EarlySocial Experience

机译：打开发展实验的黑匣子：早期社会经验的长期影响背后的行为机制

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Typically, animals spend a considerable portion of their time with social interactions involving mates, offspring, competitors and group members. The social performance during these interactions can strongly depend on the social environment individuals have experienced early in life. Despite a considerable number of experiments investigating long-term effects of the early social environment, our understanding of the behavioural mechanisms mediating these effects is still limited, mainly for two reasons. (1) Only in few experimental studies have researchers actually observed and quantified the behaviour of their study animals during the social treatment. (2) Even if differences in social interactions between social rearing treatments are reported, these differences might not be causally linked to any observed long-term effects later in life. The aim of this review was to investigate whether behavioural records of animals during the experimental manipulation of their social environment can help (1) identifying behavioural mechanisms involved in a long-term effect and (2) obtaining a better understanding of the long-term consequences of early manipulations. First, I review studies that manipulated the social environment at an early stage of the ontogeny, observed the social interactions and behaviour during the social experience phase and subsequently tested the performance in social and non-social behavioural tasks at a later life stage. In all reviewed studies, treatment differences were reported both in social interactions during the social experience phase and in social and/or non-social behaviours later in life. Second, I discuss four classes of behavioural mechanisms that can cause the reported long-term effects of social experience, namely learning by experience, social learning, sensory stimulation and social cueing. I conclude that social interactions during the social experience phase should always be recorded for at least two reasons. Knowledge about how the social interactions differ between rearing treatments (1) permits researchers to formulate hypotheses about candidate mechanisms causing long-term effects on behaviour and (2) can help to interpret unexpected outcomes of developmental experiments. Finally, I propose that as a crucial ultimate step towards understanding effects of the early social environment, we should develop targeted experiments testing for the causality of identified candidate mechanism.
机译：通常，动物会花费相当多的时间与伴侣，后代，竞争对手和团体成员进行社交互动。这些互动过程中的社交表现在很大程度上取决于个人早年经历的社交环境。尽管进行了大量研究早期社会环境的长期影响的实验，但我们对介导这些影响的行为机制的理解仍然有限，主要有两个原因。 （1）只有很少的实验研究人员能够实际观察和量化研究对象在社会待遇期间的行为。 （2）即使报告了社会抚养待遇之间的社会互动差异，这些差异也可能与生活中后期观察到的长期影响没有因果关系。这篇综述的目的是调查动物在社交环境实验操作过程中的行为记录是否可以帮助（1）识别涉及长期影响的行为机制，以及（2）更好地了解长期后果的早期操作。首先，我回顾了在个体发育的早期阶段操纵社会环境，观察社会经验阶段中的社会互动和行为，随后在以后的生活阶段中测试其在社会和非社会行为任务中的表现的研究。在所有审查的研究中，均报告了治疗差异，包括社交体验阶段的社交互动以及生活后期的社交和/或非社交行为。其次，我讨论了四种可能导致所报告的社会经验的长期影响的行为机制，即按经验学习，社会学习，感官刺激和社会暗示。我得出结论，应至少出于两个原因，始终记录社交体验阶段中的社交互动。关于饲养方法之间的社会互动有何不同的知识（1）使研究人员可以提出有关对行为造成长期影响的候选机制的假设，（2）可以帮助解释发育实验的意外结果。最后，我建议，作为理解早期社会环境影响的至关重要的最终步骤，我们应该针对确定的候选机制的因果关系进行针对性的实验测试。

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