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首页> 外文期刊>Ethology >Observational Learning in the White-Eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis): Experimental Evidence
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Observational Learning in the White-Eared Hummingbird (Hylocharis leucotis): Experimental Evidence

机译：白耳蜂鸟（Hylocharis leucotis）中的观察性学习：实验证据

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tThe adoption of new food resources can be facilitated by the ability to learn through observation of other individuals who use them. This behavior, termed observational learning, applies to any problem solving in which a naive individual who has observed an experienced individual learns a behavior faster than another who has not. Hummingbirds consume nectar from flowers of a large number of plant species, which are very diverse in morphology and color. During their local or migratory movements, they can observe the use of floral resources by conspecifics and heterospecifics which may change their foraging preferences. Although there is evidence that hummingbirds can use observational learning to exploit new floral resources, it is necessary to generate additional information by studying different hummingbird species. In this work, the learning performance of White-eared hummingbirds (Hylocharis leucotis) was studied in the presence or absence of a knowledgeable tutor. In a first experiment, naive hummingbirds learned to feed on arrays of artificial flower of two colors: red (previously known resource) and yellow (novel resource), where only one color had nectar. Naive hummingbirds visited red flowers faster and more often than rewarded yellow flowers. Individuals with the best performance on each color were further trained to ensure that they only visited flowers of a specific color, and were then used as tutors in the next experiment, in which new naive hummingbirds, caged individually, were allowed to observe them foraging on the artificial arrays. These naive individual were then exposed alone to the same array used by their tutor. Tutored hummingbirds learned to feed faster and more frequently from nectar-containing flowers of the array than naive individuals. Likewise, all tutored individuals only visited flowers of the color that had been previously visited by their tutors. This study provides experimental evidence that hummingbirds taken directly from the field can use observational learning as an efficient strategy to access new floral resources.
机译：通过观察其他使用新食物的人的学习能力，可以促进采用新的食物资源。这种行为称为观察性学习，适用于任何解决问题的方法，在这些问题中，观察过有经验​​的人的天真的个体比没有观察到的人的行为学习得更快。蜂鸟从大量植物物种的花中摄取花蜜，这些植物的形态和颜色非常不同。在本地或迁徙过程中，他们可以观察到同种和异种对花资源的利用，这可能会改变其觅食偏好。尽管有证据表明蜂鸟可以利用观察学习来开发新的花卉资源，但有必要通过研究不同的蜂鸟物种来产生更多信息。在这项工作中，研究了白耳蜂鸟（Hylocharis leucotis）在有知识的家教存在或不存在的情况下的学习表现。在第一个实验中，幼稚的蜂鸟学会了以两种颜色的人造花为食：红色（先前已知的资源）和黄色（新颖的资源），其中只有一种颜色具有花蜜。幼稚的蜂鸟比奖励的黄色花朵更快地，更频繁地拜访红色的花朵。在每种颜色上表现最佳的个体经过进一步培训，以确保他们只拜访了特定颜色的花朵，然后在下一个实验中被用作家教，在这种实验中，单独笼养的新天真蜂鸟可以观察它们觅食的情况。人工阵列。然后将这些天真的人单独暴露给他们的导师使用的相同阵列。受过辅导的蜂鸟比幼稚的个体学会了从含花蜜的花中觅食得更快，更频繁。同样，所有受辅导的人只拜访了以前由其拜师拜访过的颜色的花朵。这项研究提供了实验证据，表明直接从田间采集的蜂鸟可以将观察性学习作为获取新花卉资源的有效策略。

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