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Sintering of nanoceramics

机译：纳米陶瓷的烧结

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There are two challenges in nanoceramic sintering: fully densifying the sintered body and maintaining the sintered grains at <100 nm size. This review examines the fundamental factors underlying nanoceramic sintering and the approaches to effectively utilise the sintering factors to advantage. Nanoceramic sintering techniques are divided into four categories: pressureless sintering, pressure sintering, electrically assisted sintering, and other sintering related techniques. Pressureless sintering has mainly evolved around modifying sintering schedules, improving nanoparticle packing characteristics, and using additives to tailor the diffusion rates. Pressure sintering, which includes hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, and sinter forging, can effectively achieve full densification for nanostructured ceramics but microstructural inhomo-geneity and sintered shape limitation are difficult to overcome. For electrically assisted sintering, many nanoceramics have been sintered to full density with spark plasma even though the atomic diffusion process is not well understood; microwave sintering can achieve fast heating but has limited ability in reaching full density or controlling grain growth. Plasma spray forming and dynamic compaction are drastically different from the mainstream sintering concepts and so are briefly reviewed. Finally, the remaining issues in nanoceramic sintering are summarised and the future directions are projected.
机译：纳米陶瓷烧结存在两个挑战：使烧结体完全致密化以及将烧结后的晶粒保持在小于100 nm的尺寸。这篇综述研究了纳米陶瓷烧结的基本因素以及有效利用烧结因素的方法。纳米陶瓷烧结技术分为四类：无压烧结，压力烧结，电辅助烧结以及其他与烧结相关的技术。无压烧结主要围绕修改烧结时间表，改善纳米颗粒堆积特性以及使用添加剂调整扩散速率而发展。包括热压，热等静压和烧结锻造在内的压力烧结可以有效地实现纳米结构陶瓷的完全致密化，但是微结构的非均质性和烧结形状的局限性难以克服。对于电辅助烧结，尽管对原子扩散过程的了解还不够，但许多纳米陶瓷已经用火花等离子体烧结至全密度。微波烧结可以实现快速加热，但达到全密度或控制晶粒生长的能力有限。等离子喷涂成形和动态压实与主流烧结概念大不相同，因此简要回顾一下。最后，总结了纳米陶瓷烧结中尚存的问题，并展望了未来的发展方向。

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