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Wing-pitching mechanism of hovering Ruby-throated hummingbirds

机译：红宝石喉蜂鸟盘旋的鸣叫机制

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摘要

In hovering flight, hummingbirds reverse the angle of attack of their wings through pitch reversal in order to generate aerodynamic lift during both downstroke and upstroke. In addition, the wings may pitch during translation to further enhance lift production. It is not yet clear whether these pitching motions are caused by the wing inertia or actuated through the musculoskeletal system. Here we perform a computational analysis of the pitching dynamics by incorporating the realistic wing kinematics to determine the inertial effects. The aerodynamic effect is also included using the pressure data from a previous three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation of a hovering hummingbird. The results show that like many insects, pitch reversal of the hummingbird is, to a large degree, caused by the wing inertia. However, actuation power input at the root is needed in the beginning of pronation to initiate a fast pitch reversal and also in mid-downstroke to enable a nose-up pitching motion for lift enhancement. The muscles on the wing may not necessarily be activated for pitching of the distal section. Finally, power analysis of the flapping motion shows that there is no requirement for substantial elastic energy storage or energy absorption at the shoulder joint.
机译：在盘旋飞行中，蜂鸟通过颠倒俯仰来反转其机翼的迎角，以在下冲程和上冲程期间产生气动升力。此外，机翼在平移过程中可能会倾斜，以进一步提高举升效率。尚不清楚这些俯仰运动是由机翼惯性引起还是通过肌肉骨骼系统致动。在这里，我们通过结合实际的机翼运动学来确定惯性效应，从而对俯仰动力学进行了计算分析。空气动力学效果也包括在使用之前的盘旋蜂鸟的三维计算流体动力学模拟中的压力数据中。结果表明，像许多昆虫一样，蜂鸟的俯仰反转在很大程度上是由机翼惯性引起的。然而，在旋前开始时需要在根部输入致动力以启动快速的音调反转，并且在下冲程中部也需要输入该动力以使机头向上俯仰运动以增强升力。机翼上的肌肉可能不必为远侧部分的俯仰而被激活。最后，拍打运动的功率分析表明，不需要在肩关节处进行大量的弹性能量存储或能量吸收。

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